Racial Targeting and Profiling in the United States Essay -- Race Raci

Racial Targeting and Profiling in the United States The practice of targeting individuals for police investigation based on their race alone in the last few years has been an increasingly prominent issue in American society. Numerous magazines, newspapers, and journals have explored the issue of race-motivated police actions. Recently, the ABA Journal did a study of New Jersey and Pennsylvania traffic stops from 1998 to 2001, concluding that black drivers were more likely to be pulled over and arrested than whites. The study also delves into the legal ramifications of the 1996 United States Supreme Court ruling in the Whren v. United States case, which held that police officers subjective motivation for stopping a motorist on the highway was irrelevant as long as a probable cause was present - such as a traffic violation existed for making the stop. The Whren court decision validated the pretext stop, which occurs when police officers ostensibly stop motorists for traffic violations but are in fact motivated by the desire to obtain ev idence of other crimes. Police officers, however, argue that racial profiling is common sense and is sensible, statistically based tool that enables them to focus their energies efficiently for providing protection against crime to law a-biding citizen. In Taylor and Whitney, a study investigating the existence of an empirical basis for racial profiling and crime, they concluded that society must acknowledge the statistics behind crime rates in order to understand the concept of racial profiling; such information is available in annual crime reports. Statistics are facts and numbers which cannot be disputed and provide the experiential basis for racial profiling. The FBI Bulletin also addressed the necessity to consider statistics in addressing the issue of racial profiling. However, unlike Taylor and Whitney who argue for the use of statistics to support racial profiling, the FBI Bulletin promotes the usage of statistics in order to reduce and hopefully eliminate racial profiling. The FBI Bulletin states that if agencies were mandated to keep consistent statistical reports on the attributes and nature of their traffic stops, then racial profiling will not be as rampant. A written record of all traffic stops would do so by attributi ng individual responsibility to the police officers involved in such violations. The ... ...they were not officers would the punishment have been more severe, or if there were white officers would the punishment also have been more drastic. If the suspects in both instances had been suburban white males would the officer?fs reactions been so dramatic. Even former President Clinton recognized racial profiling within our police departments. ?gPresident Clinton called racial profiling by police, a morally indefensible deeply corrosive practice?h. (Clinton Associated Press) He also said that, ?gpeople of color continue to have less confidence and less trust, and believe they are targeted for action?h. (Clinton Associated Press) Clinton recounted that he once asked a group of black journalists if the police had ever stopped them and they all raised their hands. Racial profiling is a problem that needs to be addressed by the government and the people of America. The subject of racial profiling is not only a problem; it is an age-old disease. This disease that has plagued America for a long time, and until we decide to grow up and get past stereotypical and bias views of other races and ethnic backgrounds, this problem will continue to exist with possible fatal results.

Children’s Language Development

Children’s language development and second language acquisition Sandra Morales Texas Woman’s University Children’s language development and second language acquisition The paper investigates how children develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop their language at different stages and how those stages influence the growth and development of a second language.Language acquisition is one of the most important topics in cognitive development. In the study of language development it is necessary to consider all the factors that affect cognitive development and their influence on child development. Many theorists investigate how children acquire language skills and how heredity, environment, culture, and biological factors infl uence language development (Meadows, 2006). Rationale It has been said that language is a characteristic that establishes a difference between animals and humans.It is the ability to communicate with others, transmit and receive information gathered through symbols, gestures, facial expressions or other ways to express thoughts that others can understand what has been said (Jones, 1972). What is language? According to Bochner (1997) language is a form of communication. It involves a system of signs and symbols that are used by a group of people to communicate. The symbols include but are not limited to written symbols and sounds.The language may be diverse in different cultures in terms of how the symbols system is used, the formal properties of the language, and the way people use that language to communicate with others in the same culture. Every culture has its own language system. As a matter of fact all languages have four main components (Bochner, 1997): Pragmatics (use) †“ learn to use the sounds, gestures, words, and body language. Meaning (semantics) –understand the messages, represented in words, or written.Rules (syntax and morphology) – use the grammatical system of the language, combine words to convey a meaning. Sounds – Are the words intelligible enough that others can understand them. Throughout this paper the author will discuss various theoretical perspectives associated with the language development of children at different stages of their development. Some scholars such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Chomsky have revealed common ideas between the language acquisition and the cognitive development that are being discussed in this paper.The purpose of this paper is to present the process of how children develop their language through the lenses of those four theorists and their contributions in the early childhood field. In addition the reader will find information regarding how children learn and develop a second language and the implication during the development. The primary consideration about language development is immersed in a controversy concerning the roots of language acquisition, and how people communicate their thinking processes, feelings and ideas.According to Meadows (2006) language development involves different processes that include but are not limited to physical, emotional and cognitive development. Having an understanding of the differences between individuals, their experiences and their contact with other adults and significant ones, will help to understand how the language is developed. All this provides the opportunities for growth and development in different areas that complement the life of the person. In relation to the development the contact and relation with others start influencing the baby in his mother's womb.During the gestational time the fetus can hear the voice of their mother, and other sounds (music, etc), and after their birth they can recognize the voice of others. In other words the learning process starts at early stages in child development. Literature Review Piaget Cognitive Constructivism Piaget’s main focus of constructivism has to do with the person and how they construct their knowledge. Piaget believed individuals must adapt to their environment, and develops as parts of the adaptation process to the environment.According to Piaget, the individual needs to understand the information that they are receiving in order to be able to use it; they must construct their own knowledge (Powell, 2009). For Piaget, language development is internal mental processes controlled by developmental processes and is done individually, without the interventions of others (Agbenyega, 2009). As a result of mastering one stage, children will be ready to move, learn, and develop according to the expectations of the next stage. In regards to language development Piaget sees language as part of the cognitive development.How children thin k determines when and what the child can speak. In addition Piaget, states that children’s talking abilities emerge naturally without any formal teaching by adults, however more sophisticated vocabulary require formal education and experiences with the language. During early stages of the development according to Piaget, words are related to schemas of actions related to the child and those schemas will later be incorporated into exiting schemas that will support future learning experiences. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, children go searching for what Piaget called balance or equilibration.Assimilation according to Piaget, is when the individual adds new information into their schemas. Accommodation is when individuals change their schemas to understand new information into their knowledge. Piaget states that children learn to construct meaning about the new information and through assimilating and accommodating that information into their schemas. Du ring the equilibration the individual looks for information received that makes sense with previous information. When the children find that balance, they move again to a more comfortable stage where the information received makes sense.According to Piaget, children pass through different stages in their development; going through these stages provides children with a constant acquisition of information that will increase and help to build new knowledge and understanding of previous information learned. The basic principle of assimilation refers to the ability of children to use what they already know to understand the world around them. In contrast accommodation refers to the process of changing mental structures to provide consistency with external reality. It occurs when existing schemas are modified for a ew experience. Both principles help children to develop and construct their thinking patterns and use it according with their needs (Agbenyega, 2009). He believed that the mind does not respond to stimulus and consequences, but grows and change over different periods of time. In other words the intelligence appears progressively through the repetitions of activities that vary in each stage of the development. Piaget’s four stages of development: Sensorimotor from 0 to two during this stage children discover the environment around them, using their senses and then acquiring the language.Preoperational from two to seven years old: At this stage children develop language skills, however, they understand what they are saying but do not grasp totally what others have said. Here they distinguish pictures and other objects. Concrete operations from seven to eleven years old: At this stage children use their logical reasoning about things. Formal operations from eleven to adulthood: During this stage individuals use higher order thinking skills and abstractions to solve problems. Piaget’s stages of development are all about how children learn at dif ferent ages through their development.Based on the individual, all go through the same stages during their development. Social Constructivism Vygostsky and Bruner Social constructivism is based on the social interaction between the children with significant others, such as parents, caregivers, peers, and teachers. Vygotsky framework involves the social interactions and culture as part of the language development. He discussed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD controls what the children learn, also what he can learn and do when he is helped by others. According to Vygotsky the learning process is easier when others are involved.Children may be asked to perform a task, students have some meaning of the task they need to complete, however, they may have difficult to do it. But with the adequate support to complete the task they will do it. Bruner's theory of constructivism discussed the idea of learning as an active process where the learners are able to form new ideas ba sed on their current and past knowledge. Jerome Bruner emphasized the importance of social interactions and explained that children develop language based on their contact with others as a result of educational processes (Bruner, 1960).He discussed scaffolding and how the construction of knowledge is based on their existing knowledge acquired during previous development. Scaffolding refers to the knowledge of previous skills that provide support for the acquisition of new learning experiences. Bruner and Vygostky believed that learning processes are tied to this concept, and facilitate a student’s ability to build on prior knowledge. For these theorists, the influence of experiences is a basic ingredient in the language development. Chomsky naturalistic approachChomsky argues that language is a unique human ability. He discussed the innate abilities of children to learn the language. As a result, all children go through the same process to learn a language (Stark, 2008). He d iscussed the language acquisition device (LAD) that allows children to produce in consistent ways the use of their first language. In this framework, all languages use nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other grammar rules. In addition, Chomsky established that children learn language through means other than imitation; they do not always imitate mistakes made by others.Chomsky maintains that it is necessary to have formal instruction in the proper use of language and grammar (Stark, 2008). Child language development When we speak about the communication process, we speak about the ability to receive and transfer information that other people can understand and mean something to others. Verbal and nonverbal forms are expressions that enhance the communication with others. The process of language development would be described as a continuous process that gradually changes during the individual development. As soon as after birth a process of communication begins.Infants try to communicate with adults using sounds, cooing. Those sounds are an important step on the road of language development, leading to a future stage where children are able to use the language to communicate in complex ways such as using words and sentences to express their thoughts. Language development includes understanding and communication skills based on words, spoken and written forms. According to Meadows (2006) different theoretical models such as Chomsky stated that language is innate and just with minimal exposure the child could develop their home language.The exposition to language pattern gives them the basic knowledge to learn the maternal tongue. The nature versus nurture perspective supports the point that when the child is exposed to a language, they will learn the patterns for that language naturally. In other words exposing a child to a language pattern will allow them to learn that language. However, the exposure to another language other than maternal tongue on a regular basis will provide with the pattern in that second language that the children will eventually learn, due to his exposition to the patterns and sound of that other language.Studies conducted by Macilla (2011) reveals that the frequency of the exposure to a second language and the consistency will influence how well the children will learn and perform using the second language. From birth the children are preparing for speech as a way to communicate with others. They are developing their physiological and cognitive structures to learn how to talk. Children pass through different stages to prepare the pharynx and larynx to produce those sounds, related to a pattern of their language.The native language of the child does not matter. They all move through the same stages using vowels and consonants to produce sounds that seem like words for the adults. The adults assign the meaning to the first sound that the babies produce. However, at the beginning there are just random patterns, babbling th at later during the development will continue into repeating the letter combination until the children learn a way to communicate using those patterns previously learned. All children are born with an innate ability to communicate (Chomsky 2006).As children grow language becomes an important tool to establish and maintain relationships with others. The nature of language includes the use of words, sentences and other grammar rules. It is important to understand the relationship between cognition and language development, in the context of prior knowledge and how experiences influence development (Wegerif, 2011). According to Bochner (1997) children move through these stages in learning to talk: Stage 1: Preliminary skills – Looking together, imitation, playing.Stage 2: Pre-verbal skills – Performatives (broom, quack) Stage 3: First words – â€Å"dog† â€Å"car† â€Å"mum† Stage 4: Early sentences – â€Å"daddy's car† â€Å"dog gone† Stage 5: Extending meaning – adding English morphemes, such as plurals Jones (1972) describes the stages in the development of speech as follows: Crying period – At birth, a newborns crying is the first vocal response to the environment around them. Vocal play period – Around the second month, infants begin to make different sounds. This production of sounds is an important step in the child’s language development.A variety of sounds may be heard in any language, but from the phonetic elements of babbling, the language that the child hears is the language that he or she eventually will use as their first language. Eventually, they will learn and master the grammar rules of that language. Sound imitation period – This period has two phases. The first phase begins around the six months and is initiated by the child’s awareness of sounds he produces. Because he likes what is being heard, he continues the repetition of those sounds. In the second phase, the child imitates sounds that he heard from others, â€Å"echolalia. This stage begins about the ninth month. The first sounds that the child imitates are those which are familiar, mostly coming from parents or caregivers. At this stage is when language development makes its formal appearance. The child comprehends simple words, specific vocalizations that have meaning for parents and caregivers. Language acquisition period – Begins about the last month of the first year. At this stage begins the conventional sound pattern or close to one. The child says the first words in their native language. The child understands and responds appropriately to others verbally.Between thirteen to eighteen months there is a slow growth of vocabulary. A language is based on grammatical structure, and that structure rests on rules that determine how to express thoughts. The three major components of language are: phonology (study of the smallest unit of speech called ph onemes), syntax (refers to the rules to form sentences), and semantic (the meaning of words and sentences). Every language has its own particularities; however, every language has the same components, in which people learn how to communicate based on the structure of their own language.To summarize how oral language is acquired, it is important to mention that the child moves through different stages during their development, in order to acquire the language and skills to be successful. Infants listen and very early begin to communicate their needs through the use of sounds and gestures. Toddlers use the language using simple sentences and asking questions. Young preschoolers used complete sentences to communicate. Theorists in language development discussed that a child produces sounds as a form to communicate with others.Those sounds come from his or her adaptation to the environment around them and as a consequence of the reinforcement by others during the learning and developmen tal processes. According to Beller (2008) the reinforcement occurs primarily when the child hears the sounds and considers those pleasant sounds. When those sounds are imitated by the child and he or she is rewarded in any way that produce satisfaction, the act of repetition begins, and eventually those sound combinations and repetitions open the door for a more sophisticated way of communication until the proper use of language appears.Learning a second language How children develop a second language has been a topic of interest since 1940 (Beller, 2008). Theorists discussed that learning a new language requires the use of existing structures that are supported by the first language. Language is a symbol for a social group. In many countries, people learn more than one language is associated with political issues. In many countries it is related to the level of education. To be considered educated in Europe, people have to know at least two languages. In the United States the secon d language is more related to immigrant issues.Many children who come from immigrant families learn their parent’s language and English as a second language. In future generations English will become their first language. During the early stages of the development of the mother tongue is necessary. It is considered part of the intellectual ability, is the individual’s first contact with language from birth, and supports emotional and cognitive development. Through the development the child learns the structure of his or her first language and that helps them to come up with his or her interpretations of the events around them.To master a second language according to Noormohamadi (2008) a child has to master his or her mother tongue. If the child does not master the first language, that will make the process of learning another language more difficult. When the first language is learned and the child has a total command of the language, the process of learning another l anguage will be supported by the first language, and all the concepts and learning can be transferred to the second language. The environment around the child has great influence on the child's vocabulary, skills, and general understanding of the language.According to Vygotsky, social interactions between children and adults influence the acquisition of any language. Another aspect to consider during the child's language development is the concept of nurturing. This concept is totally related to the social interactions. Nurturing bring up the issue of the relationship between the child and other adults. Children who are attached to their families are more likely to communicate for longer periods, and this helps their communication and language development.The amount of time children spend talking to others will improve their language skills. It is important to mention that each culture has standards of conversations between children and adults. Many cultures such as western cultures see children as conversational partners, promoting the verbal development of the child. Other cultures such as Hispanic culture do not discuss events or problems with their children. In these cultures children are not allowed to be active participants in adult conversations.Variations in social-cultural beliefs are aspects to consider in the development of a second language Oades-Sese (2011). The influence and relationship with others, within the same cultural values and language is significant and will add positive reinforcement to how the child learns and develops through his life. Based on Piaget's theory children learn and develop by organizing their experiences into schemas that helps them to understand the world around them. Those schemes are related to two important concepts in Piaget’s theory, adaptation and assimilation.During development children assimilate new information into the schemas that they already have, accommodating the new information into their mental structures. This process continues until the children learn the new information and come into a stage of equilibrium. For those children who are learning a second language the knowledge of their first language helps them in the acquisition of the second. All languages have their structure integrated by sounds, letters, grammar rules, and other factors that help the learner to acquire the language.The structure of each language contains variations such as alphabet, pronunciation, specific rules based on that language, but in general the similarities in structure facilitate the acquisition of the second language because using the knowledge in the first language helps make connections with the second language. Therefore the learning process is easier for the child. Conclusion The combination of the theories presented in this paper provides the author a new perspective regarding language acquisition and development in early childhood.Each theory supports Piaget, Vygotsky, and Chomsky fr ameworks based on observations and their studies on how children develop the language. However, each theory can blend to show how a child develops language and which methods can be used in order to reinforce the acquisition and retention of the first and second language. Each theory discussed helps to explain the process of language development, from Piaget’s cognitive constructivism which emphasizes a child’s ability to reason and construct his or her own knowledge, based on the individual experience, to Vygostky’s social influences and interactions to Chomsky’s nativism approach.All of these theories interpret language development differently. However, of all theories discussed throughout this paper it is the author’s belief that social interactions are the most helpful approach to understand how children develop language. Biological and environmental factors are necessary in order for a child to learn the language and develop the language. Moreo ver, the child’s interaction with others influences the acquisition of the language. It is important for the child to interact with others in order to learn the pattern of the language.Language development is a long process influenced by biological, family, and environmental factors that contribute the growth of the child in all aspects of their development including of course, the language acquisition. In order to learn another language, researchers such as Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Chomsky discussed the importance of learning and mastering the mother tongue. It is necessary to learn the grammar rules of the first language to use that knowledge to transfer the concepts learned into the second language. However, is a long learning process that starts after birth and continues through the child development.According to Mancilla-Martinez (2011) who stated that children need to continue having formal instruction in order to develops proficiency in the first language and have formal instruction in the second language. For some immigrants’ children born in a foreign country or even those who were born in the United States to immigrant parents, school is the first formal exposure to English language. This group will eventually come a large portion of the society needs the support of formal instruction to learn and develops the proficiency on the second language.To become proficient in the English language does not require parents use of English at home; however, to develop proficiency in the first language the instructional support and use of the language at home is necessary. It is necessary to be aware of the increments of this population and the particularities of each culture in order to support the language development (Mancilla Martinez, 2011). Many factors are associated with language development; most of them are associated when children begin attending primary grade levels, this is when the use of more sophisticated vocabulary is introduce d.The students need to learn the higher level of language in order to become proficient in the second language. Even learning the mother tongue, children need to learn more scholarly vocabulary and grammar rules appropriate for their age and to understand these when they encounter them in textbooks. When children come from homes in which a language other than English is used lead the proficiency in that language. Understanding the patterns of the first language is essential to developing effective programs to facilitate the study and acquisition of a second language.This fact is applicable for all levels of study of second languages. Therefore the educational systems should support the study and application of this in the teaching of second language. Mastery of the first language is a vital factor in the progress to study and acquire fluency in other languages. Its acquisition is a basis and support for all other languages studied throughout one's lifetime. References Agbenyega, J. (2009). The australian early development Index, who does it measure: Piaget or Vygotsky’s child? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 34(2), 31-38.Beller, S. (2008). Fostering language acquisition in daycare settings. Early Childhood Development. 49, 1-52. Bloom, L. , Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. US. Bochner, S. , Price, P ; Jones, J. (1997). Child language development. Lerning to talk. London: England. Chomsky, N. (2006). In Chomsky. Info. Retrieved February 9, 2011, Chomsky. Info Online: http://www. chomsky. info/ Chosmky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(1), 1-22. Feldman, R. S. (2010). Essentials of Understanding Psychology. 9th edition Greene, M. 1960). Learning to talk. A parents’ guide to the first five years. US. NY. Jones, M. and Guidon, A. (1972). Language development. They key to learning. US. Mancilla-Martinez, J. and Lesaux, N. (2011). Early home language use and later vocabulary devel opment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 535-546. Meadows, S. (2006). The Child as Thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood ( 2nd ed. ). NY: Routledge. Noormohamadi, R. (2008). Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development. Journal Pan-Pacific Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 25-36.Oades-Sese, G. ; Li, Y. (2011). Attachment relationship as predictors of language skill for at-risk bilingual preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 707-722. doi: 10. 1002/pits. 20583. Piaget, J. (1928). The child’s conception of the world. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Powell, K. ,, and Kalina, C. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-250. Wegerif R. (2011). Towards a Dialogic Theory of How Children Learn to Think. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(3), 179–190.

Womens Liberation Movement †Definition and Overview

The womens liberation movement was a collective struggle for equality that was most active during the late 1960s and 1970s. It sought to free women from oppression and male supremacy. Meaning of the Name The movement consisted of womens liberation groups, advocacy, protests, consciousness-raising, feminist theory, and a variety of diverse individual and group actions on behalf of women and freedom. The term was created as a parallel to other liberation and freedom movements of the time. The root of the idea was a rebellion against colonial powers or a repressive national government to win independence for a national group and to end oppression. Parts of the racial justice movement of the time had begun calling themselves the  black liberation. The term liberation resonates not just with independence from oppression and male supremacy for individual women, but with solidarity among women seeking independence and ending oppression for women collectively. It was often held in contrast to individualistic feminism. The individuals and groups were loosely tied together by common ideas, although there were also significant differences between groups and conflicts within the movement. The term womens liberation movement is often used synonymously with womens movement or second-wave feminism, although there were actually many types of feminist groups. Even within the womens liberation movement, womens groups held differing beliefs about organizing tactics and whether working within the patriarchal establishment could effectively bring about the desired change. Not Womens Lib The term womens lib was used largely by those opposing the movement as a way of minimizing, belittling, and making a joke of it. Womens Liberation vs. Radical Feminism   The womens liberation movement is also sometimes seen as being synonymous with radical feminism  because both were concerned with freeing members of society from oppressive social structure. Both have sometimes been characterized as a threat to men, particularly when the movements use rhetoric about struggle and revolution. However, feminist theorists overall are actually concerned with how society can eliminate unfair sex roles. There is more to womens liberation than the anti-feminist fantasy that feminists are women who want to eliminate men. The desire for freedom from the oppressive social structure in many womens liberation groups led to internal struggles with structure and leadership. The idea of full equality and partnership being expressed in a lack of structure is credited by many with the weakening power and influence of the movement. It  led to later self-examination and further experimentation with leadership and participation models of organization. In Context The connection with a black liberation movement is significant because many of those involved in creating the womens liberation movement had been active in the civil rights movement and the growing black power and black liberation movements. They had experienced disempowerment and oppression there  as women. The rap group as a strategy for consciousness within the black liberation movement evolved into consciousness-raising groups within the womens liberation movement. The  Combahee River Collective  formed around the intersection of the two movements in the 1970s.   Many feminists and historians trace the roots of the womens liberation movement to the New Left and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and early 1960s. Women who worked in those movements often found that they were not treated equally, even within liberal or radical groups that claimed to fight for freedom and equality. Feminists of the 1960s had something in common with feminists of the 19th century in this respect: Early womens rights activists such as Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were inspired to organize for womens rights after being excluded from mens anti-slavery societies and abolitionist meetings. Writing About the Movement Women have written fiction, nonfiction, and poetry about ideas of the 1960s and 1970s womens liberation movement. A few of these feminist writers were  Frances M. Beal, Simone de Beauvoir, Shulamith Firestone, Carol Hanisch, Audre Lorde, Kate Millett, Robin Morgan, Marge Piercy, Adrienne Rich, and Gloria Steinem. In her classic essay on womens liberation, Jo Freeman observed the tension between the Liberation Ethic and the Equality Ethic, To seek only equality, given the current male bias of the social values, is to assume that women want to be like men or that men are worth emulating. ...  It is just as dangerous to fall into the trap of seeking liberation without due concern for equality. On the challenge of radicalism versus reformism creating tension within the womens movement, Freeman goes on to say, This is a situation the politicos frequently found themselves in during the early days of the movement. They found repugnant the possibility of pursuing reformist issues which might be achieved without altering the basic nature of the system, and thus, they felt, only strengthen the system. However, their search for sufficiently radical action and/or issue came to naught and they found themselves unable to do anything out of fear that it might be counterrevolutionary. Inactive revolutionaries are a good deal more innocuous than active reformists.

Understanding Traits and How They Are Determined

Have you ever wondered why your eyes are just like your mothers? Or why your hair color is similar to your grandfathers? Or why you and your siblings share features? These physical characteristics are known as traits; they are inherited from parents and expressed externally. Key Takeaways: Traits Traits are inherited characteristics from our parents that are expressed externally in our phenotype.For any given trait, one gene variation (allele) is received from the father and one from the mother.The expression of these alleles determines the phenotype, whether dominant or recessive. In biology and genetics, this external expression (or physical characteristics) is called a phenotype. The phenotype is what is visible, while the genotype is the underlying gene combination in our DNA that actually determines what is expressed physically in the phenotype. How Are Traits Determined? Traits are determined by an individuals genotype, the summation of the genes in our DNA. A gene is a portion of a chromosome. A chromosome is composed of DNA and contains the genetic material for an organism. Humans have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. Twenty-two of the pairs are called autosomes. Autosomes are typically very similar in males and females. The last pair, the twenty-third pair, is the sex chromosome set. Those are very different in males and females. A female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X and one Y chromosome. How Are Traits Inherited? How are traits passed from one generation to the next? This happens when gametes unite. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, for each chromosome pair, we receive one chromosome from our father and one from our mother. For a particular trait, we receive what is known as an allele from our father and one allele from our mother. An allele is a different form of a gene. When a given gene controls a characteristic that is expressed in the phenotype, the different forms of a gene show as the different characteristics that are observed in the phenotype. In simple genetics, alleles can be homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygous refers to having two copies of the same allele, while heterozygous refers to having different alleles. Dominant Traits vs. Recessive Traits When alleles are expressed via simple dominant versus recessive traits, the specific alleles inherited determine how the phenotype is expressed. When an individual has two dominant alleles, the phenotype is the dominant trait. Likewise, when an individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the phenotype is still the dominant trait. While dominant and recessive traits may seem straightforward, note that not all traits have this simple inheritance pattern. Other types of genetic inheritance patterns include incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic inheritance. Due to the complexity of how genes are inherited, specific patterns can be somewhat unpredictable. How Do Recessive Traits Occur? When an individual has two recessive alleles, the phenotype is the recessive trait. For example, lets suppose that there are two versions of a gene, or alleles, that determine whether or not a person can roll their tongue. One allele, the dominant one, is symbolized by a big T. The other allele, the recessive one, is symbolized by a little t. Lets suppose two tongue rollers get married, each of whom is heterozygous (has two different alleles)for the trait. This would be represented as (Tt) for each.   Traits are inherited characteristics that are expressed externally in our phenotype. Copyright Evelyn Bailey When a person inherits one (t) from the father and then one (t) from the mother, the recessive alleles (tt) are inherited and the person can not roll their tongue. As can be seen in the Punnett square above, this would happen approximately twenty-five percent of the time. (Note that this tongue rolling is just for the sake of providing an example of recessive inheritance. Current thinking around tongue rolling indicates the involvement of more than just a single gene, and is not as simple as was once thought). Other Examples of Weird Inherited Traits A longer second toe and attached earlobes are often cited as examples of a weird trait that follows the two dominant/recessive alleles forms of one gene inheritance. Again, however, evidence suggests that both attached earlobe and longer second toe inheritance are quite complex. Sources â€Å"Attached Earlobe: The Myth.†Ã‚  Myths of Human Genetics, udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearlobe.html.â€Å"Observable Human Characteristics.†Ã‚  Nutrition the Epigenome, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/observable/.

Nucor - Porters 5 Forces - 2126 Words

NUCOR AT A CROSSROADS CASE ANALYSIS NUCOR’S SUSTAINED PERFORMANCE RECORD PORTER’S 5 FORCES ANALYSIS †¢ Supplier Power: With the eventual exit of integrated steel companies from buying scrap, the options available with suppliers to sell, reduced. Nucor started several small plants that were close to suppliers customers, thereby reducing transportation costs. Also, the sites chosen had inexpensive electricity. Their employee-centric policies resulted in them having lowest attrition levels a steady supply of new employees. Thus the supplier power was moderate-low. †¢ Buyer Power: Although Nucor employed the latest technology competitive prices, with imported steel available, the buyers had more options to choose from.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Values / Culture Review: Employee focus was the hallmark of Nucor. They encouraged risk taking, creativity innovation. Their policies didn’t allow for much differentiation between different cadres. Their flat structure had decentralized decision making, they provided employees a sense of belonging / ownership with the organization. The all-cash incentives were regularly doled out were directly performance linked – quality quantity-wise. Their strong employee-bonding started right from the time the plant was constructed, till retirement. They didn’t believe in firing during lean times, would rather cut back on working hours, than fire people. The end result was that they not only had a highly productive, motivated, experienced non-unionized work force, but thei r employee turnover was much below the industry average they had many people willing to work for them. Their high human capital was a clear differentiator advantage over the competition in the steel industry. Thus, Nucor’s approach of controlled growth, focus on technology innovation, high employee productivity coupled with a dedicated workforce, decentralized quick decision making, have resulted in a sustained growth success of Nucor. For sustainability in the future, Nucor will have to continue to focus on technology innovation as it has been its point of differentiation among its competitors. TETRA-THREAT FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS:Show MoreRelatedNucor Corporation: Market Survey and SWOT Analysis1592 Words   |  6 Pages Nucor Steel Industry Overview Globally, the U. S. steel industry is one of the largest as measured both by production as well as consumption. In 2010, the U.S. was third in global crude steel production with almost 6 percent share (Market Research.com, 2011). Until 2009, Nucor operated in an industry which experienced significant output declines during recent decades. The U.S. steel industry was operating at capacity levels of less than 50 percent and had lost more than 50,000 jobs sinceRead MoreNucor Case Study Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesNUCOR (25 Points) 1. List and elaborate some strategic issues facing NUCOR? Nucor has been facing many industry challenges including the overall development of the industry. They are competing with foreign firms on cost and efficiency. Nucor has a low cost strategy because as they say their product is not necessarily very attractive. It does not have attractive or unique selling features other than its cost. The commodity of steel is in a very competitive market. Nucor understands that innovationRead MoreNucor Case Analysis Essay2164 Words   |  9 PagesNucor Corporation Case Analysis Section 1: Recommendations Recommendation 1: To expand more internationally by building plants in lower property taxed areas with low tariffs to ship products out. Recommendation 2: To put in place job descriptions for employees. By doing this it will save Nucor litigation fees and troubles if something arises in the workplace between the employee and Nucor about job duties, injuries, etc. Recommendation 3: Other than expanding internationally, Nucor shouldRead MoreCase Questions1966 Words   |  8 PagesManagement Strategy Case Questions Case 5: Panera Bread Company 1. What is Panera Bread’s strategy? Which of the four generic competitive strategies discussed in Chapter 3 most closely fit the competitive approach that Panera Bread is taking? What specific kind of competitive advantage is Panera bread trying to achieve? 2. What does a SWOT analysis of Panera Bread reveal about the overall attractiveness of its situation? Does the company have any core competencies or distinctive competenciesRead MoreQuestions1478 Words   |  6 Pages How is competition changing? What factors are driving the changes? 3. What will competition in pharmaceuticals look like in 10 years? 4. What is your assessment of Pfizer’s position in the industry? What are the keys to success in the industry? 5. What recommendations would you make to Kindler? Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The story of Wal-Mart’s rise to dominance is a standard case on resources and capabilities and how they contribute to sustainable competitive advantage. This case works wellRead MoreEssay on Nucor Corporation Analysis2926 Words   |  12 PagesNucor Corporation: Competing Against Low-Cost Steel Imports Group E Charisse Cohen Valarie Lindsey Teshaunte Lyons Billy Ray Richardson MGT 590: CAPSTONE—COMPETING GLOBALLY Dr. Raman Patel – Professor August 17, 2009 Nucor Corporation: Competing Against Low-Cost Steel Imports Written Analysis Executive Summary This report discusses the challenges that The Nucor Corporation faces during this era of social and economic climate change. Using Porters Five Forces AnalysisRead MorePorters Five Forces Model1809 Words   |  8 Pages3. Please apply Porter’s Five Forces model to the steel industry. propose whether you think the steel industry is attractive industry or not an attractive industry. The first force is competition in the industry and competition between firms in the steel industry is very high. There is intense competition at both the domestic and global level. In order for a firm to be profitable in the steel making industry, production levels need to be high, capacity levels need to be high, and workers haveRead MoreNucor Corporation in 2001: Pursuing Growth in a Troubled Steel Industry1908 Words   |  8 PagesNucor Corporation in 2001: Pursuing Growth in a Troubled Steel Industry Table of Contents Introduction 3 Nucors History 3 Current Strategy and Future Expectation 4 Analysis and evaluation 4 Dominant Economic Characteristics of the Steel Industry Environment 4 Competition analysis in the Steel Industry 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Recommendations 9 Introduction Nucors History Nucor Corporation is the second-largest steel producer in the United States and has had net sales of $4.6Read MoreNucor Competitive Strategy4178 Words   |  17 PagesNUCOR COMPETITIVE STRATEGY ANALYSIS CONTENTS 1. Case Profile 2. Situational Analysis 2.1 General External Environment (PESTLE model) 2.1.1 Political/Legal 2.1.2 Economic 2.1.3 Sociocultural 2.1.4 Technological 2.1.5 Environmental 2.1.6 Demographic 2.1.7 Global 2.1 Industry Analysis (Porter 5 Forces) 2.2.1 Threat of new entrants 2.2.2 Bargaining power of suppliers Read MoreNucor Swot Case Study6937 Words   |  28 Pageswebsite: Nucor Corporation is made up of 17,300 teammates whose goal is to Take Care of Our Customers. We are accomplishing this by being the safest, highest quality, lowest cost, most productive and most profitable steel and steel products company in the world. We are committed to doing this while being cultural and environmental stewards in our communities where we live and work. We are succeeding by working together. Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose Nucor is a leading

A Impact of Delivery Service on Restaurant - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the A Impact of Delivery Service on Restaurant. Answer: Introduction It is universally acknowledged that in the present market, it is really difficult to start a business with the high level of competition present. In such scenario, the companies try to develop their competitive advantage and always try to be ahead in the competition. As discussed by Chien Lin (2015), restaurant is a highly competitive business and it is important to deliver high quality services to retain the customers. In the present, the technology has intervened the operations of the restaurant and they are using it for multiple purposes ranging for marketing, sales and other operational areas. In the restaurant business, online ordering systems are becoming quite popular. In the present times, every person is squeezed in for time and most of the people are finicky while placing an online order. According to Oliveira, Schneider, de Souza Rodrigues, (2015), the customers of the present are attracted towards online ordering system as it has high visibility of the items offered, pr ice, and simplified navigation for the orders. The online ordering system can be used to create an interactive and up-to-date menu with all the available options which can be used for different purposes. However, the expansion in business with the online food ordering system can increase the wait in time and delay in food to the restaurant. In this regard, the present literature review will present the current knowledge about the impact of technology in increasing the wait-in time for the restaurants. It will also evaluate the impact of wait-in time in the customer satisfaction of the people. Online Ordering Services It is discussed by Kim, Miao, Magnini (2016) that the restaurants can offer online ordering services through variety of channels such as website, mobile application, through multi-restaurant app or through Facebook. The restaurants proactively registers on the online ordering applications as it is associated with increased revenue, enhancement in capacity management, improved productivity, transactional marketing and customer relationship management. It is an established fact that the restaurant experience an increased sales as a result of taking online orders. The customers are also attracted towards online ordering system as it gives them more control and convenience. The major hurdles in the acceptance of online order is that the desire for interaction through online mediums and technology anxiety. The users of online ordering system were generally younger in age, and patronized the restaurant due to several reasons. Another advantage of online ordering system is the accuracy in order taking and receiving. Other than that, convenience and ease of ordering is another feature of the online ordering system which makes it highly convenient for use. However, in the perception of Chou, Wu Huang (2014), the operators structure their online ordering system so that it aligns with the revenue, capacity management, productivity and customer satisfaction. The online ordering system has become popular in the recent years. Most of the restaurant owners use external vendors to design the mobile application. Other than that, an outside vendor is also used for the management of website. The online ordering system can be used by using cash and additional transaction fees or delivery charges. Most of the orders are managed through point-of-sale system, faxes, IP printer and emails. There are also different factors which impact the efficiency of the online ordering system. While developing an online ordering system, the organization must make efforts to reduce the number of employees required for online order taking. The restaurant owners are concerned about the potential impact of the staffing on other parts of the restaurants. The online or dering has a potential impact on the staffing requirements of the organization. The online order taking has little impact on staffing in the front or back of the house; however, it results in decrease in the staff who wait or the customers. It can be critiqued that online order taking result in decrease in the staff for order taking and an increase in the staff for delivery. According to Axelsson, Malmberg Zhang (2015), one of the major challenge in the online ordering is that it can overload the kitchen and increase the burden on the cooks. The online ordering overload the kitchen; however, a few restaurants state that they have a separate production line for the online orders. Another approach to manage the capacity of the kitchen is to use a metering system to manage the number of orders at a single time. The metering system can be used to notify the customers when their orders will be ready. In terms of revenue, it can be stated that online ordering can increase the revenue by increasing the frequency in the orders, and increasing the order volume for the organization. As discussed by Axelsson, Malmberg, Zhang (2015), increase in the online ordering not only increases the number of order, but also, the volume of orders. The restaurants which are using online ordering have identified that there is an increase in bulk orders due to the ease in placing the orders. The group and catering orders increases through online ordering as a large number of people can easily access the restaurant through online orders. As per the discussion of Heo (2016), there are also certain advantages of online ordering as the restaurant can obtain key information and market insights through online ordering. The online ordering can be used to attain key information about the local customers it can be used to develop marketing strategies, promotional campaigns and target promotions. It can be used to develop off-peak demands, identify customer segments and designing loyalty bonus and coupon strategies. Most of the restaurant owners develop online promotional campaigns. It is important to understand that the online promotions work better than traditional promotional campaigns. However, as discussed by Kim, Li Brymer, (2016) there is challenge that online ordering system can reduce the customer satisfaction with service. Online ordering is impersonal and it can overwhelm the employees of the kitchen. However, there are several benefits of online marketing which can increase the satisfaction of the customers with the services. The restaurant can obtain the orders accurately and can deliver it at the homes of customers. However, it is important to restaurants notify the time to the customers beforehand, so that there is no decline of the customer satisfaction through online services. The online ordering services is also important for the restaurants owners as the initial investment in the online services is low; however, the return on investment is comparatively higher. In the views of Chavan, Jadhav, Korade Teli (2015), there are also several other benefits of the online ordering system for the restaurant owners. In the absence of online platforms, the restaurant owners used the telephone for attaining online orders. It made it mandatory for the restaurant owners to tie a person with the online services. Therefore, the most important benefit of the online services is the labor saving as the restaurant owner does not have to keep a labor tied up on the phone. According to Namin (2017), he staff time is not being used to attend the customers, attending phone or maintaining the accounts at the cash register. As a result, the overall impact of the online ordering system is that it reduces the labor requirements in the organization. In addition to the labor saving, the restaurant owners can increase the efficiency of the online orders. It can increase the convenience of the guests, nurture the marketing efforts, eases the order processing of the organi zation and increases the average check-ins at the restaurant. However, there are also significant impacts of online ordering which can reduce the customer satisfaction with the services. The foremost issue are least guest interaction, technical issues and guest errors. Consumer Perception of Online Ordering Services In the views of Kim, Miao Magnini (2016) the consumer perception of online ordering system also impacts the efficiency and the acceptance of online ordering system. A well-designed computer ordering system can provide the customers substantial control over the type and pace of transaction. They can also control the extent of the personal interaction with the restaurant personnel. In most of the cases, an increased level of control can result in high customer satisfaction. It will increase the intent of the customers in using and recommending the services. However, it is important to understand that increase in control is not important for all the customers, especially for those customers who hope for personal contact through the ordering system. Therefore, while designing the application for the online orders, the designer must focus on the extent of control to the customers. Moreover, the customers will be using the application in the absence of an operator; therefore, it must be e asy to use and accessible. It can be discussed that Ramanathan, Di, Ramanathan (2016) another important factor which influence the consumer perception in the online ordering system is the perceived convenience of the consumers. The convenience of the system increases the adaptation rate as well as increase the satisfaction of the customers with the services. The online ordering system can be used to increase the convenience of the employees. Another challenge for the online ordering system is that it increases the technology anxiety and the human interaction of the people. However, Dharmawirya, Oktadiana, Adi (2012) have discussed that the most critical issue in the fast food and restaurant online food service is the problem of consumer waiting time. It is a significant issue and most of the restaurant owners consider the design and satisfaction of the customers. In the present fast lifestyle of the consumers, time has become more and more significant for the consumers. With the diversification of the service quality and consumers have started paying attention to the waiting time in each order. The long waiting time in the fulfillment of the orders can increase the dissatisfaction and complaining of the consumers. Therefore, it is important to minimize the waiting time in the restaurants in the present environment of intense competition. In the perception of Mittal (2016) with the advent of multi-restaurant app, the manner in which the companies communicate with the customers has changed. Different strategies are used to reduce the waiting time with the arrival of these apps. The companies can use app to understand the demand of the customers and the same apps are used to buy the products through online platforms. The mobile applications should be designed in such a manner that they demonstrates the accurate waiting time while receiving orders. The restaurants should manage its order in an efficient manner without the costly method of capacity expansion. In the traditional approach, the restaurant owner tries to reduce the waiting time with table management. It is the approach through which the host assign different tables to the restaurant visitors. It is apparent that the restaurant owner can increase the revenue and the financial outcome by determining the seats of the customers. Efficient table management can increase the revenue by increasing the overall turnover of the organization. Previously, the restaurant owners used to combine tables to increase the flexibility to match the party size and achieve high seating capacity. Efficiency in the table management can reduce the waiting time for the customers (Hwang, 2008). The present conceptual map discusses various factors which impacts the customer satisfaction in restaurants. There are several factors such as food quality, behavior of waiters, food taste and waiting time which impacts the customer satisfaction. The satisfaction of the customers depends on the overall waiting time for which the customers have to wait. With the advent of online order technology, the average waiting time of the customers has increased which has reduced the satisfaction of the customers. Independent variable: Waiting time: The waiting time of the customers have a severe impact on the satisfaction of the customers in a business organization. Dependent variable: Registration on Different websites: The registration on different online websites can increase the traffic on the consumer website. Online Orders: The inflow of online orders can increase the workload on the kitchen of the organization. High table strength: If there is high flow of customers, then the restaurant kitchen will be overloaded. Summary In the present times, the online mediums are commonly used by restaurants to increase their efficiency in different operations. It is commonly used in marketing efforts, service delivery and daily operations of the organization. With the advent of technology, several restaurants develop their own website, mobile application and register on multi-restaurant websites to drive their sales. However, with the increase in the customer demand, the overload on the kitchen also increase. Traditionally, the restaurants used different techniques such as table management to reduce the overhead of the restaurant. It is the best manner to control the overhead on the organization. In the present, the companies can use metering technique to reduce the customer satisfaction with the organization. References Axelsson, L., Malmberg, B., Zhang, Q. (2015). On waiting, work-time and imagined futures: Theorising temporal precariousness among Chinese chefs in Swedens restaurant industry.Geoforum. Axelsson, L., Malmberg, B., Zhang, Q. (2015). On waiting, work-time and imagined futures: Theorising temporal precariousness among Chinese chefs in Swedens restaurant industry.Geoforum. Chavan, V., Jadhav, P., Korade, S., Teli, P. (2015). Implementing Customizable Online Food Ordering System Using Web Based Application.International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering Technology,2(4). Chien, S. Y., Lin, Y. T. (2015). The effects of the service environment on perceived waiting time and emotions.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,25(3), 319-328. Chou, C. K., Wu, P. H., Huang, C. Y. (2014). Service climate, service convenience, service quality and behavioral intentions in chain store restaurants.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),7(1), 161. Dharmawirya, M., Oktadiana, H., Adi, E. (2012). Analysis of expected and actual waiting time in fast food restaurants. Heo, C. Y. (2016). Exploring group-buying platforms for restaurant revenue management.International Journal of Hospitality Management,52, 154-159. Hwang, J (2008). Restaurant Table Management to Reduce Customer Waiting Times. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 11(4). Kim, S., Miao, L., Magnini, V. P. (2016). Consumers emotional responses and emotion regulation strategies during multistage waiting in restaurants.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,40(3), 291-318. Kim, S., Miao, L., Magnini, V. P. (2016). Consumers emotional responses and emotion regulation strategies during multistage waiting in restaurants.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,40(3), 291-318. Kim, W. G., Li, J. J., Brymer, R. A. (2016). The impact of social media reviews on restaurant performance: The moderating role of excellence certificate.International Journal of Hospitality Management,55, 41-51. Lee, T. R., Hsu, Y. H., Chain-Yao, C., Hilletofth, P. (2014). Managing the customer waiting problem in fast food restaurants in Taiwan through reengineering of the app ordering process. InTechnology Innovation and Industrial Management (TIIM)(pp. 40-48). Mittal, A. (2016). The Influence Of Waiting Time Satisfaction On Customer Loyalty Towards Multi-Stage Services: Evidence From India.STRATEGII MANAGERIALE, 14. Namin, A. (2017). Revisiting customers' perception of service quality in fast food restaurants.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,34, 70-81. Namin, A. (2017). Revisiting customers' perception of service quality in fast food restaurants.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,34, 70-81. Oliveira, L. F., Schneider, D., de Souza, J. M., Rodrigues, S. A. (2015, May). Leveraging the crowd collaboration to monitor the waiting time of day-to-day services. InComputer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), 2015 IEEE 19th International Conference on(pp. 109-114). IEEE. Ramanathan, R., Di, Y., Ramanathan, U. (2016). Moderating roles of customer characteristics on the link between service factors and satisfaction in a buffet restaurant.Benchmarking: An International Journal,23(2), 469-486.

Capital Discipline and Financial Market Relations †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Capital Discipline and Financial Market Relations. Answer: The retail market in UK is sailing into a perfect storm. This is because of recession stricken times when there was fall in profits and cutting jobs. Tesco Multinational Corporation had diversified its operations in terms of geography as well as products or services as it is provided to the customers. The supermarket retail chain in UK operates in 14 countries with more than 4811 stores. The employees who are working under Tesco Multinational Corporation are 4,72,000 (Sparrow, Hird Cooper, 2015). From the above pie-chart, it is quite easy to understand that Tesco Multinational Corporation has the highest market share and that is followed by Sainsbury (2nd position). The other company is Morrison, ASDA and other retailing supermarket chain hat operates in UK. Tesco Multinational Corporation dominates the UK market with a market share of around 30.5%. This company was the first company who had launch self-service system in their stores so that they can avoid long queues as it leads to high waiting time. In addition, the company had even arranged for in-store cameras for security purpose. In order to attain competitive advantage over their competitors, Tesco Multinational Corporation manufactures as well as sells its own labeled products (Rosenbaum-Elliott, Percy Pervan, 2015). Financial and Corporate Performance Tesco Multinational Corporation is one of the international companies that have strong reputation in the retail market where they aim at providing quality products as well as services. The supermarket retail giant seek to deliver the best results by providing highest returns to the shareholders as well as beneficial services to the customers and provide safe work environment for the employees (Peppard Ward, 2016). Ethical conduct means performing activities that is morally correct as well as honorable. In order to maintain valuation reputation and build on success, Tesco Multinational Corporation need to conduct the business in a way that is both legal as well as ethical. The corporate governance policies of Tesco Multinational Corporation believe in maintaining level of commitment by conducting ethical business practices. The company gives proper details about the business that comprises of ethical business behavior as well as defining the responsibilities of all the employee and company executives and representatives (Payne Frow, 2013). In addition to that, there were several governance issues that take place at Tesco Multinational Corporation. It was noted that companys admission had overstated figures at the time of half-year profit by 250 million Euros and there was even problem with the composition of Board of Directors and the company was claimed that they were using inappropriate accounting policies (zman, 2017). Ethics plays an important role for determining the level of success of any business enterprise. For instance, when an organization carry out its business operations by using ethical ways, then the company will increase their reputation in the market and finally have positive impact on the business activities. Ethics should be embedded in strategy adopted by company and at the time of decision-making process. However, Tesco Multinational Corporation is corporate social responsible business as well as had made Corporate Social Responsibility as a major role and properly publishes it in the annual report (Jenkins Williamson, 2015). Strategic options Tesco Multinational Corporation had already expanded in countries like UK, Asia, USA and Europe as we as has 6531 stores in and across the world. The supermarket retail chain still continues to open new markets for increasing their current market share as well as market growth (Hubbard, Rice Galvin, 2014). Diversification- It is important to consider the fact that diversification is the most risky strategy where a particular business enterprise enters and there is no information or facts available and has less experience to it. The risk can be a failure of acceptance of products by the consumers for not making enough of sales. However, Tesco Multinational Corporation had diversified their market by launching various non-food products into new market segments. Tesco Multinational Corporation enjoys long-term success because of which the companies remains focus and has main core vision that remain same at the time of implementing corporate strategy change based in changing scenario. It is because of the competitive global environment, if any business enterprise does not have clear vision, then the company actually has direction and may not be able to sustain in the near future. However, Tesco Multinational Corporation had established business strategies so that they can attain or achieve vision and mission statement stated by the company (Hensmans, Johnson Yip, 2013). The strategic management of Tesco Multinational Corporation is of the opinion that the mission statement, vision statement as well as strategic objectives plays major role towards attainment of success and make use of key performance indicators for measuring the level of performance in an organization. The Key performance that can be used by Tesco Multinational Corporation is the Balanced Scorecard approach as it measures both financial and non-financial aspects. There are four major perspectives of balanced scorecard that are addressed properly and these are customer perspective, business process perspective, learning growth perspective and financial perspective. Currently, Tesco Multinational Corporation follows a strategy that will help in maximizing customer value by using market-orientation strategy. The supermarket retail chain aims at providing quality products at a competitive price based on needs as well as preferences of customers. The above diagram shows the Porters generic strategic options adopted by Tesco Multinational Corporation within the next 5 years of time span. It is recommended to Tesco Multinational Corporation for following the generic strategies that had been proposed by Porter as it will help in gaining competitive advantage within next 5 years time frame. However, Tesco Multinational Corporation already has a reputed background where the company provides best quality products at affordable prices to the customers in order to achieve cost leadership with little efforts as it focus more on own label products sell by reducing production costs. Therefore, clearly defined market segment will help Tesco Multinational Corporation to target differentiated range of product lines to specific markets or positioning of few products on wide range of market segments (Goodman Dingli, 2017). Implementation of final strategy After using suitable criteria, three strategic options are determined and it is needed to select the best one for the company that they will follow in the near future. The three strategic options are criteria for suitability as well as acceptability and feasibility and it is needed to be judged for each of the options (Frynas Mellahi, 2015). Suitability- Here, the suitability criteria explain how the organization environment help in measuring the strategic implications of the business enterprise in a given surroundings. It is mainly used for integrating the strengths as well as weakness for efficient implementation of best strategies. The operational aspects of Tesco Multinational Corporation are continuously updated so that they can cope with the fast-changing environmental dynamics. Therefore, the environment as well as the market oriented operations of Tesco Multinational Corporation provide proper platform for implementing the strategies of cost leadership as well as product development largely. Feasibility- Here, feasibility means the scope of Tesco Multinational Corporation for operating in an environment after application of any of the above-listed strategies that need to be evaluated based on financial viability and time duration for implementing the strategy and other important factors such as internal skills as well as competencies that support the strategy option. However, Tesco Multinational Corporation already has a strong financial background as well as huge capital invested in technology that mainly focus more on product development, imitability or leadership strategies options that make Tesco Multinational Corporation occupy the leading position in and across the world. In order to implement these strategies, it is important for Tesco Multinational Corporation to focus on its core competencies and this is possible if the company start recruiting more skilled professionals. Acceptability- Tesco Multinational Corporation already has high brand recognition in the UK market but the company would not take long to implement the strategies in successful ways. The financials of Tesco Multinational Corporation are expected to increase rapidly after they start implementing the suitable strategic option. However, the cost benefit analysis shows benefit in a case where the company had already had upgraded technology operating in their stores as well as opted market oriented strategies that will retain customer loyalty. Therefore, product development as well as cost leadership would be considered as less risky and less costly venture that should be enforced. Monitoring and control of Future Performance The environmental factors as well as operational efficiencies of Tesco Multinational Corporation show the strategy of cost leadership to be best for creation of strategic fit for the company. In addition, the product development strategy had been discarded as compared to other strategies as the supermarket chain deals in wide variety of products as well as services (Frow et al., 2016). The cost leadership strategy mainly covers wide range of products as well as service that provide a boost to the customer purchase rate. However, the market share of Tesco Multinational Corporation is expected to increase where the company ranks in the third position in terms of revenues as it contributes mainly towards their missions of creating customer value. Reference List Borland, H., Ambrosini, V., Lindgreen, A., Vanhamme, J. (2016). Building theory at the intersection of ecological sustainability and strategic management.Journal of Business Ethics,135(2), 293-307. Frow, P., Payne, A., Wilkinson, I. F., Young, L. C. (2016). CRM and customer management: identifying and confronting dark side behaviours.Dark Side of CRM: Customers, Relationships and Management, 21-38. Frynas, J. G., Mellahi, K. (2015). Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Goodman, M., Dingli, S. M. (2017).Creativity and Strategic Innovation Management: Directions for Future Value in Changing Times. Taylor Francis. Haleem, F., Jehangir, M. (2017). Strategic Management Practices by Morrison PLC, UK. 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