Protected Health Information Essay

Question one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the US Privacy Rule, protected health information has a broad definition. This has the inclusion of specific health information which could be identifiable for the past, the future or even the present physical health, conditions, mental health, various approaches of providing healthcare to the individual, and the futuristic state, present and the past scale of payments which would be related to the provisions of his/her health standards. According to the Privacy Rule by the federal laws, the individuals have the rights to the health information which relates to the restricted imposition on the use as well as disclosures to various information. Such information seeks to identify the broad health information of an individual. This also seeks to provide various restrictive penalties for the violations to these restrictions (http://epic.org/privacy/medical/)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accordingly, covered identities with the position of holding PHI may use the information even without getting consent from the individual in the requirements of treatment provision to these individual activities related to payments which could comprise of premium setting and their adjudication as well as operating the intends of their business.   (Clifford, 2000) However, the disclosure and use of PHI should be as per the regulations and the permits of the federal laws. Those having PHI should obtain a full-signed authority by the individual person in the research, marketing and performing other activities. Question two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Federal laws, various parts are only accredited in various electronic transmissions either through computer and facsimile. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is provided by the HIPAA act of 1996. According to the HIPAA, PHI data which would be interchangeable through electronic devices are the health transactions which compromise the referral certifications, claims on medical accreditations, eligibilities and also medical authorization, Elsewhere, it would include claims on health status dis-enrollment and acts of enrollment, remittances and claim payments, payments on premiums above the benefits allied to medical coordination. This information can be transmitted either through the X-12 computing software and facsimile technologies. According to the act, any transfer of information which is limited to the requirements of electronic information transfer amounts to criminal violations. This also implies that whatever is limit ed to the transfer can be rationality ruled by the legal authorities. Question 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the various provisions by the HIPAA Act of 1996, electronic transmission of medical record may not violate the HIPAA Act of 1996. This is from the broad framework of the Federal floor on the privacy protection on the information about health matters by an individual. The act has provided the legislative laws that provide protection above allowing various state standards on the use of health information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the rule, the Federal state has provided various mandates on the broad health by an individual, which even imposes various restrictions. This helps to safeguard on the disclosure and the use of the identifiable information by an individual that even compliments the provision of both criminal and civil penalties for those violating the standards. According to the HIPAA rule however, it has provided a broad array of individual rights in relation to the use of the information which even seek to provide a broad image of exceptions in the use of the information. (http://www.ehnac.org/content/view/23/59/)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rule has been developed however in providing various limitations standards in using and also disclosing the PHI to public use through the electronic transmissions without seeking authority from the individual person in the scope of treatment provision for the specific person, carrying out payments which may include setting of premium and commissioning adjudication above the protocols of business operations. The term limitation to the use and disclosing has been developed by the HIPAA act to safeguard the interest of electronic transmission of HPI to the users without calling for any civil as well as criminal violations. Accordingly therefore, such transmission may be ethically provided without calling for any penalty. Reference Clifford, R (2000) Clean Living Movements: American of Health Reforms. Mahwah, NJ: Praeger. Electronic Network Accreditation Commission. Retrieved on 25th March 2008 from, http://www.ehnac.org/content/view/23/59/ Medical Record Privacy. Retrieved on 25th March 2008 from, http://epic.org/privacy/medical/

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fdi in India Essay

1 Dr S Narayan is Head of Research and Visiting Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore. He was formerly Economic Adviser to the Prime Minister of India. Dr Narayan can be contacted at snarayan43@gmail.com. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of ISAS. In September 2012, the Government of India announced several economic policy reform measures that included a move to allow 51 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail. In the same announcement, it relaxed norms for foreign direct investment in the aviation sector, allowing international airlines to invest in domestic peers and cleared a slew of other reform-oriented measures – an increase of FDI in some broadcasting services. The issue of FDI in retail has attracted considerable political debate. The matter was first proposed by the Government in 2 010, but had to be withdrawn because of political opposition. This time, the Government appears to be firm in pushing the policy through. It is possible to adduce several reasons for the determination of the Government. First, the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Government, and in particular the Congress party, has been battered by allegations of corruption and scams all through 2012, and needs a breather to establish its authority to govern. The criticism in the foreign media and by academics that the Government has been in a state of policy paralysis, which has prevented it from taking even basic measures to improve governance, has hurt its image. 2 The crisis in coal supply for power generation and the poor progress of infrastructure projects have given the impression that executive decisions have come to a halt. On the trade front, the growing current account deficit, as well as the weakening of the rupee, has been seen as warning signals for the economy. The growing fiscal deficit, the inability to control expenditure on subsidies, and a slowing economy have caused international investors and rating agencies to downgrade expectations about the Indian economy. The latest GDP growth figures of 5.3 per cent are lower than the expectations of the Government and the Reserve Bank of India alike, and the persistent inflation is hurting the entire population, especially those with fixed incomes. There was, therefore, a need to induce some confidence about the economy. In the past, the current account deficit was bridged by FDI, inflows into capital markets, and through inwardremittances. Of these, the first two had seen a sharp drop in 2010 and 2011. The equity markets were trading 30 per cent below pre-2008 crisis levels, with little appetite for fresh capital issues. FDI was dropping steadily after 2008 and dropped to 40 per cent of the 2011-12 level in the subsequent year. The high fiscal deficit was also crowding out private borrowings. In short, there was need for a correction to infuse external capital into the economy by improving the sentiment in the financial markets and by giving a signal that could restore FDI flows. The reform announcements of September 2012 were an attempt at that. There were other arguments as well. The retail sector in India has been growing at a combined annual growth rate of 6.4 per cent over the period 1998-2010, and is estimated to be worth around Rs. 50,000 crores (US$ 10 billion) in 2010. However, the contribution of organised retail remains low. As against the United States, which has the organised to unorganised ratio of 85:15, in India, it is only 10:90. Organised retail has been growing rapidly and is expected to have a share of 22 per cent before 2017. There are also several consumption-related growth drivers for retail. India’s per capita income, in real terms, has doubled between 2000 and 2011, and income levels are expected to triple in nominal terms in the next 20 years. Average real household income has grown at an annual rate of 3.8 per cent from 1985 to 2005. The middle class population as defined at an income level of Rs. 200,000 and above at the 2000- price level is expected to increase to 40 per cent of the population b y 2025. Per household consumption expenditure has also doubled in the last decade along with rising income levels. The fast pace of urbanisation is also changing consumption patterns. As per the United Nations’ state of the populations report, 40 per cent of India’s population is expected to reside in urban agglomerates by 2030. Finally, the demographic pattern of the population, with 60 per cent of the population at 35 years or less, is driving consumption towards more modern, technologically advanced products that are the strength of modern retail outlets. In terms of the share of the various sectors in the retail industry in India, clothing and food have a share of 38.1 per cent and 11.5 per cent respectively, according to the IBEF retail report 2011. 3 As per the Indian Government’s announced policy, FDI in multi-brand retail is to be allowed only in towns which have a population of more than one million, which restricts the entry to around 35 cities. The minimum amount to be brought in by the foreign player is US$ 100 million; 50 per cent of the total FDI brought in should be invested in back-end infrastructure such as processing, logistics, warehousing and improvements in manufacturing. Fresh agricultural products may be unbranded. FDI in multi-brand retail trading in the form of e-commerce would not be permissible. Asset creation is expected to be done primarily by the foreign player. The advantage, from the Government’s point of view, is an increased opportunity for employment. It is estimated that organised retail has created over 1.5 million jobs in the period 2005-2009. The quality of employment is also superior to the opportunities in the unorganised sector. The organised sector would make a higher contributio n to tax revenues through increased VAT and eventually, GST revenues. From the point of view of customers, they are likely to get better products, lower defective items, increased choice and quality of products, and the availability of global products in local markets. For the farmers, there would be a reduction in the level of intermediaries, improvement in supply chain management, requisite infrastructure in cold chain, warehousing and transportation logistics, technological improvements in crop production, and rational and fair pricing of products. The limitation of applicability to cities with a population of one million or more implies that this would be applicable only to 35 cities in 15 states. These are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. It is also stipulated in the policy that State Governments and Union Territories would be free to take thei r own decisions in regard to the implementation of the policy. In perspective, this policy appears to have several significant positives. It is an executive decision, well within the purview of the executive, with no need for parliamentary approval. First, on the economic side, this would lead to modernisation of retail and investment in technology, logistics and the value chain. Second, there would be opportunities of greater, higher quality of employment. Third, multiplier effects can be had in the domestic economy in the fields of warehousing, transportation and ancillary activities. Fourth, this opens up opportunities for improving the quality of employment in these sectors. Fifth, there is an assurance of greater revenue mobilisation. Sixth, this would lead to more inward capital flows and investments. Against this backdrop, there has been strong opposition to the move and political parties are lined up to oppose the move. One of the members of the UPA, the Trinamool Congress, has walked out of the alliance on this issue, leaving the Government technically in parliamentary minority, though they have the outside support of two major parties from Uttar Pradesh. 4 The opposition puts forth several arguments. First, that unorganised retail in India is run by a large number of small entrepreneurs who serve the immediate neighbourhood, and who would be driven out of business by the advent of large supermarkets. There is evidence that this has happened in some states in the US and in smaller towns in the United Kingdom and Australia. The small stores would not have the technological capability or the financial muscle to compete on equal terms with the large retail chains, and hence would be at a disadvantage. The strength of small retail lies in familiarity with the customer, that enables credit transactions to take place and provides for customer conveniences like small quantities and home delivery, which would not be possible from a large retail chain. Further, the very nature of large retail investment would require large real estate space, requiring transportation and higher transaction volumes. Therefore the concept is elitist, available only to a select few in the higher income ranges, and not of use to the common man, who constitutes of over 50 per cent of the rural and small-town consumers. So runs the argument. Secondly, it is contended that farmers would be at a disadvantage. The large retailers would be in a position to enforce supply contracts that would push farm prices down, thus affecting farmer’s incomes. Third, the tendency to stock mass-manufactured goods would lead to more imported goods being on offer, to the disadvantage of local manufacturers. Finally, the smaller retail stores are able to offer employment to even unskilled workers, of whom there are plenty in India. The employment requirement in large multi-brand retail stores would be for the better skilled, thus driving the poorer out of employment. These are some of the other arguments being advanced. Existing traders are lobbying hard with their own state governments against the introduction of FDI in retail. At the same time, large local retailers, who have multi-brand shops, do not also want the international names to come in, as they fear they would not be able to meet the competition. At the level of media, and even at the political level, these arguments are more in the realm of opinions and estimation, and not based on any hard analytical evidence. Firstly, the FDI retail shops would be set up in only 35 towns in the country, thus leaving most of the smaller retail shops untouched. Further, even in the larger urban centres, the requirement of real estate for these large stores is likely to be such that only a small number would be set up in each town. The advent of mod ern malls and composite shopping centres has not, in the last decade, disturbed local shopping habits or shopping centres. Rather, it has catered to a different class of young, urban consumers who are looking for products that are usually not available at traditional retail stores. It is also difficult to argue that retailing in India does not need to modernise, along with the economy, and that modern warehousing, inventory management and efficient logistics will not be of advantage to the consumer. Finally, it is also curious that there is little objection to multi-brand retail if it is owned by Indian retailers; the objection is only to FDI in retail. Perhaps this is because local large retailers do not want to face international brand competition. It is also 5 curious that there is little objection to FDI in single-brand goods. The fear of mom and pop stores being displaced and branded retail taking over the entire retail segment is perhaps overstated. It is of course possible that the arguments are entirely in the realm of politics. No doubt the strong lobbies of the existing small retailers as well as the established Indian multi-brand retailers are adding to the fervour of the arguments, but the epicentre of the issue appears to be the political scene. Currently, the UPA has lost a major ally in the Lok Sabha, key lower house of national Parliament, and depends on the support of Samajwadi Party and Bahujan Samaj Party, two opposing parties in Uttar Pradesh (against both of whom the Congress fought in the recent state elections). In the upper house, the Rajya Sabha, the Government does not have the numbers for the vote. The ruling alliance, as already mentioned, has been weakened in 2012 by complaints of non-performance and a number of allegations of corruption: it is perhaps natural for the opposition parties to press home their advantage when the UPA is weak. There is little to be achieved as the FDI decision is an executive decision, unlikely to bring down the Government. So, this political tussle would only reveal the combination of political forces and allies in a kind of muscle-flexing for the next General elections, now slated for in 2014 in the normal course. The downside would be that international confidence in governance in India would be further weakened, and in fact, may lead to reluctance to invest in India. It is therefore vital that the Government should sail through these discussions and win a decisive vote in Parliament. . . FDI in Retail sector in India: How does this affect you? Health & Lifestyle by Editor Retailing defines the direct interface between the manufacturers and the end users who are basically individual consumers. The retail business owners stock up all goods after purchasing it directly from the manufacturers and then sell it to individual customers keeping a profit margin for themselves. Of late the retailing industry in India has bloomed with much coveted success causing positive impact on the national economy. As per the recent revelations by the popular International Management Consultancy AT Kearney, India has been considered the second most lucrative destinations of the world for retail business. Read what is FDI and buzz around it In India, retailing industry is segregated into two classes- organized retailing and unorganized retailing. Organized retailing entails trading conducted by licensed retailers and unorganized retailing includes all types of low cost trading like local shops, small roadside stores and temporary shops or door to door selling of various goods.Until now, according to the Indian retailing laws, Foreign Direct Investment in multi-brand retail market was prohibited. But government is thinking to open the FDI in retail in India which implies that foreign investment in retailing is possible up to 51%. Now the announcement of retail FDI in India has triggered a series of debates on both positive and negative notes and become political issue. So let’s discuss these things, what all this means to you through advantages and disadvantages: Advantages of FDI in retail sector in India: †¢ Growth in economy: Due to coming of foreign companies’ new infrastructure will be build, thus real estate sector will grow consequently banking sector, as money need to be required to build infrastructure would be provided by banks. †¢ Job opportunities: Estimates shows that this will create about 80Lakh jobs. These career opportunities will be created mostly in retail, real estate. But it will create positive impact on others sectors as well. Read about career options in Retail sector†¦.. †¢ Benefits to farmers: In most cases, in the retailing business, the intermediaries have dominated the interface between the manufacturers or producers and the consumers. Hence the farmers and manufacturers lose their actual share of profit margin as the lion’s share is eaten up by the middle men. This issue can be resolved by FDI, as farmers might get contract farming where they will supply to a retailer based upon demand and will get good cash for that, they need not to search for buyers. †¢ Benefits to consumers: Consumer will get variety of products at low prices compared to market rates, and will have more choice to get international brands at one place. †¢ Lack of infrastructure in the retailing chain has been one of the common issues in India for years which has led the process to an incompetent market mechanism. For example, in spite of India being one of the largest producers of vegetables and fruits, lack of proper count of cold storages has significantly affected the selling of these perishable items. FDI might help India overcome such issues by channelizing the resources in the right manner. †¢ In the last years, the Public distribution system is proved to be significantly ineffective. In spite of the fact that the government arranged for subsidies, the food inflation has caused its negative impact continuously and it can be handled by FDI. Disadvantages of FDI in retail sector in India: †¢ According to the non-government cult, FDI will drain out the country’s share of revenue to foreign countries which may cause negative impact on India’s overall economy. †¢ The domestic organized retail sector might not be competitive enough to tackle international players and might loose its market share. †¢ Many of the small business owners and workers from other functional areas may lose theirjobs, as lot of people are into unorganized retail business such as small shops. However the government is quite stringent on this issue and determined to allow FDI in India. The actual impacts would be observed over time and till then the laymen have nothing but to hope for the best! Walmart Lobbying and Political Corruption in Retail FDI: Recent reports presented by Walmart to US Govt. revealed that it spend Rs. 125 cr in lobbying Indian lawmakers to get access to Indian market. These facts are serious, if Govt. is doing all this in favour of bribery and money then results might not be good as it is projected. Since Walmart will continue to mould things in their favour by lobbying and bribery as political corruption is well known in Indian politics. They can be purchased easily. Showing Results For â€Å"disadvantages of fdi in retail† DIPP circulates Cabinet note on relaxing FDI norms for housing sector 16 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The Commerce and Industry Ministry has circulated a draft Cabinet note on relaxing FDI norms for the housing sector, which proposed easing the three-year lock-in period among other things. DDIP, Cabinet note, FDI norms, housing sector, FDI guidelines, RBI notifies definition of ‘control’ in context of FDI 14 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Mumbai: The Reserve Bank notified the definition of term ‘control’ in relation to foreign direct investment and revised the list of states where FDI is permitted in multi-brand retail. RBI, FDI, RBI notification, RBI policy, Reserve Bank, multi-brand retail , Government notifies changes in FDI policy, paves way for larger overseas investments 12 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The government has notified changes in the FDI policy, paving the way for larger overseas investments in sectors such as multi-brand retail and telecom. FDI policy, FDI notification, India FDI policy, overseas investments, Foreign investment, FEMA regulations, Malls to contribute 35 percent of modern retail sales by 2016, says report 11 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Mumbai: With popularity of mall culture on the rise, these swanky shopping centres are expected to contribute to more than a third (35 per cent) of the modern retail sales in the next three years, says a report. malls, shopping, retail, sales, india, No case for India’s rating downgrade by global agencies: Rangarajan 13 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Government has already taken a host of reform measures and there is no case for any downgrade of India’s sovereign rating by global agencies, Prime Minister’s key economic advisor C Rangarajan said. C Rangarajan, India rating downgrade, India growth projection, Prime Minister’s key economic advisor, Indian economy, FDI , Walmart India plans possibly at final stage, says government official 31 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Global retail giant Walmart is expected to soon firm up its plan to foray into India’s multi-brand sector, a top government official on Friday said. Walmart, FDI, Foreign Direct Investment, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotions, Walmart Asia Chief Scot, multi brand retail, Formation of Civil Aviation Authority crucial for development: Survey 09 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Liberalized FDI norms have the potential to put the aviation sector on the growth track but taxation issues are major impediments for the industry, a survey has found. Civil Aviation Authority, FDI, Indian civil aviation sector, relaxation in FDI, Aviation sector, taxation, India Inc hails relaxation in multi-brand retail norms 02 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Hailing government’s announcement to relax investment norms in multi-brand retail and raising FDI caps in several sectors, India Inc said that the reforms were â€Å"much-needed† and will boost the confidence of foreign investors which will help in reviving the economy. FDI in retail, FDI in India, Changes in FDI norms, FDI inflow in India, FDI caps, Government to further liberalize FDI policy, says Chidambaram 31 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Faced with sliding rupee, Finance Minister P Chidambaram on Wednesday said government will further liberalize the FDI policy and encourage public sector undertakings to raise funds from overseas markets. P Chidambaram, FDI, FDI in India, FDI policy in India, FDI in retail , Government eases FDI norms in multi-brand retail, allows 100 percent investment in telecom 02 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] †¢ Norms for Multi-brand Retail Trading (MBRT) relaxed †¢ Eased mandatory 30 pc local sourcing norms for MBRT players †¢ Local sourcing norm to apply only in first engagement †¢ FDI cap in telecom raised to 100 pc from 74 pc; up to 49 pc through automatic route and beyond that via FIPB FDI in India, FDI inflow in India, FDI in multi-brand retail, FDI in telecom, FDI cap in India, FDI cap in telecom sector, – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail#sthash.iXvt8E8g.dpuf RBI allows non-resident investors to buy shares under FDI scheme 07 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Mumbai: The Reserve Bank today allowed non-resident investors, including NRIs, to buy shares of Indian entities listed on recognised stock exchanges under FDI scheme, but subject to certain conditions. non-resident investors, NRI investors, FDI scheme, FDI investment, FEMA regulations , Government clears 17 FDI proposals worth Rs 993 crore 04 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The government has approved 17 foreign direct investment (FDI) proposals totalling Rs 992.61 crore, while recommending the Rs 2,058 crore Jet-Etihad deal for final clearance to the Cabinet. Foreign direct investment, FDI in India, FDI proposals, Pending FDI proposals, Jet-Etihad deal, Union Cabinet, FDI proposals approved , Traders will protest if government raises FDI cap in retail: CAIT 16 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Opposing any hike in FDI cap in multi-brand retail, apex traders’ body CAIT Tuesday said such a move will not only affect interest of small traders but would also have a negative impact on the economy. FDI, hike in FDI, FDI in multi brand retail, CAIT, Manmohan Singh, Rajnath slams FDI in multi-retail, says it would increase unemployment 25 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Washington: Describing Bharatiya Janata Party as pro-reforms, BJP president Rajnath Singh has defended its decision to oppose Foreign Direct Investment in multi-brand retail arguing that such a move would aggravate the unemployment problem in India. Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajnath Singh, Foreign Direct Investment, FDI in multi brand retail, Indian economy, Government eased norms for FDI in multi-retail under pressure from global retailers: Meenakshi Lekhi 03 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi has alleged that easing norms for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail had come after specific lobbying by global retailers like Walmart and Tesco. BJP spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi, global retailers, FDI in multi-brand retail, lobbying by global retailers, UPA government, Disadvantages of open-plan offices revealed 09 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] There are advantages and disadvantages to an open-plan office – a single giant room where there is not much to separate you from a co-worker seated next to you. Open-plan office, single giant room, distraction, distracted environment, Gensler, Karnataka agrees to implement FDI in multi-brand retail 27 Jun 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Karnataka has joined 11 other states and union territories that have agreed to allow foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail. Karnataka government, FDI in multi-brand retail, FDI in Karnataka , FDI in retail, Government may tweak retail FDI norms to ease entry of global chains 03 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The government is considering tweaking the FDI policy in retail sector so as to allow global chains like Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco to open multi-brand stores in non-hilly cities with a population of less than one million. FDI in retail, FDI policy in retail sector, FDI norms in retail sector, FDI cap in retail sector, FDI in multi-brand retail in non-hilly cities , Industry gives thumbs-up to government’s FDI decisions 18 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Government’s decisions to relax limits for FDI in a dozen sectors are ‘most timely’ and will boost investor sentiments, India Inc said. FDI decisions, India Inc, CII, Assocham, FICCI, FDI in retail, FDI in telecom, E-commerce firm Snapdeal.com ties-up with Hypercity Retail 29 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: E-commerce firm Snapdeal.com on Thursday entered into a strategic partnership with Hypercity Retail, a part of the K Raheja Group, to sell Hypercity’s products on its portal. Snapdeal.com, Hypercity Retail, E-commerce, Snapdeal.com-Hypercity tie-up, Hypercity merchandise, – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail/2#sthash.BRqA4Hrr.dpuf Showing Results For â€Å"disadvantages of fdi in retail† Walmart expresses inability on meeting sourcing norms in the multi-brand segment 23 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The world’s largest retailer Walmart has expressed its inability to the government on meeting the sourcing norm in the multi-brand segment that requires 30 percent procurement from small industries, stating it can procure only about 20 percent. Walmart, Walmart in India, FDI in retail, FDI policy, Procurement from small industries, Commerce and Industry Minister, Anand Sharma, Government to introduce Insurance Bill in Winter Session of Parliament 05 Sep 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Finance Minister P Chidambaram said that the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, which seeks to raise the foreign equity cap in the sector to 49 percent, will be taken up in the Winter Session of Parliament. Insurance Bill, Insurance Bill India, Insurance Bill 2013, FDI in Insurance, Winter Session, Finance Minister, P Chidambaram, Centre and states should be cautious in implementation of FDI 29 Jun 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] What is this FDI, which can bring the Parliament of India to a grinding halt, why it has become a political debate that a coalition partner had to withdraw its support from the government at the outset of this issue and the opposition took it to the streets to oppose with tooth and nail. Why would a country seek FDI, an acronym for Foreign Direct Investment, if it had actually managed without it till the conception and relevance of FDI in India ? FDI, FDI in India, FDI inlfow in India, FDI cap in India, FDI in retail issue, Retail inflation for farm and rural workers eases marginally 21 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Retail inflation for farm and rural workers has come down marginally to 12.80 percent and 12.61 percent respectively in July, even as prices of food items and cloth remained high. Retail inflation, Farm workers, rural workers, inflation in July, Agriculture Labour, Consumer Price Index, Latest news, No proposal to hike FDI cap in banking sector: Government 24 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: There is no proposal to hike foreign investment ceiling in the banking sector, the government said. FDI, Banking sector, FDI in banking, Indian banks, FDI proposals, Latest news, Sensex slumps in morning trade following profit-booking by retail investors 23 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Mumbai: The BSE benchmark Sensex on Friday fell by 61 points in morning trade as funds and retail investors booked profits after previous session’s gains. The 30-share barometer declined by 61.96 points, or 0.34 per cent, to 18,250.98 with healthcare, FMCG, PSUs and power stocks succumbing to profit-booking. The index had surged by 407.03 points on Thursday after four sessions of losses. Sensex, BSE, NSE, Sensex slumps, Sensex slumps in morning trade, latest news, Mayawati slams government move to open retail sector to FDI 26 Nov 2011 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Slamming the Centre’s decision to allow FDI in retail, UP Chief Minister Mayawati on Saturday alleged that it was taken to benefit companies of foreign friends of Rahul Gandhi and said that her government would not allow it in the state. FDI in retail, UP Chief Minister Mayawati on FDI, opposition oppose FDI in retail, advantages of FDI in retail, disadvantages of FDI in retail, government on FDI in retail, Centre on FDI in retail , New FDI rules, a setback for foreign and local retailers 08 Jun 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New rules requiring foreign supermarkets to set up their own warehouses and stores in India are likely to further delay the entry of companies like Wal-Mart Stores Inc, increase costs and hurt cash-strapped local retailers eager to partner with foreign companies. FDI, FDI rules, new FDI policy, Wal-Mart, FDI in India, FDI in retail sector , RBI hikes FDI cap in Asset Reconstruction Companies to 74 percent 20 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The Reserve Bank hiked the limit for foreign investment in Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) to 74 percent from the earlier cap of 49 percent. Reserve Bank, FDI, Asset Reconstruction Companies, FDI in ARCs, FDI proposals, Latest news, FDI in hospitality sector increases to USD 2.23 billion in April 11 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Reflecting increased interest of foreign players in the country’s hospitality industry, the hotel and tourism sector witnessed a sudden spurt in FDI in April, attracting USD 2.32 billion. FDI in hospitality, FDI, hospitality industry, fdi inflow in india , – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail/3#sthash.rPoIwVLG.dpuf Government cornered, Pranab briefs Cong MPs on FDI, inflation 30 Nov 2011 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] With Government being cornered over various issues, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee on Wednesday briefed party MPs about the rationale behind allowing FDI in retail as also steps being taken to address inflation and blackmoney so that they could counter to opposition attack. government on FDI, Latest on Indian Economy, Latest on FDI reforms, FDI in retail scares Indian bulk market, FDI in India, FDI in retail, advantages of FDI in retail, disadvantages of FDI in retail, Congress’ Kerala on FDI, Congress in inflation , 65 percent more traffic on online retail sites: Assocham 16 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Mumbai: With the festive season round the corner, there is a 65 percent increase in online shopping from last year, according to industry body Assocham. Assocham, retail portals, online retail websites, online shopping, shopping portals, latest news , Telecom sector received Rs 58,782 crore FDI in last 13 years 19 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The country’s telecom sector has received a cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) of USD 12,865 million (Rs 58,782 crore) in the last 13 years, which comprises 7 percent of the total FDI inflows. Telecom sector, FDI in Telecom, foreign direct investment, FDI inflows, Milind Deora, Latest news, Onion prices soar to Rs 60 per kg in Delhi’s retail market 12 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Onion prices have soared to Rs 60 per kg in the retail market of the national capital due to lower supply from producing regions. Onion prices, Onion prices in Delhi, Onion retail price, Safal stores in Delhi, Onion price hike, Government not considering ban on onion exports despite high prices 24 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Government is not considering any proposal to ban onion exports as the hike in price of the commodity is not because of outward shipments, Food Minister K V Thomas said. onion exports, onion prices, onion price hike, onion retail price, India onion exports, latest news, SC dismisses petition challenging FDI in multi-brand retail 01 May 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The Supreme Court on Wednesday upheld the government policy of allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail. Supreme Court, FDI in multi-brand retail, FDI in retail, Foreign Direct Investment, Incense sticks may affect your health: Study 06 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Los Angeles: Incense sticks could come with a health risk, a new research has shown that burning these generate indoor air pollutants, which may lead to inflammation in human lung cells. Incense sticks, Incense sticks health risks, Incense sticks health woes, health hazards of Incense sticks, disadvantages of incense sticks, Put blanket ban on FDI in brownfield pharma: Parliamentary panel 14 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: A Parliamentary panel has recommended a â€Å"blanket ban† on any FDI in brownfield pharma projects, or ones in which stake is acquired in an existing company, while investment of more than 49 percent would go to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). FDI in brownfield pharma, brownfield pharma, FDI, Foreign Investment Promotion Board, Reserve Bank of India, latest news, CPI shares dais with BJP over FDI in retail 08 Mar 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Leaders of BJP and Left Front shard the dais in Ram Lila Ground to oppose the Central Government’s decision allowing Foreign Direct Investment in retail sector. FDI in retail, Retail FDI, BJP, CPI, Rajnath Singh , Stilettos: High on fashion, low on health 26 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: The tick-tack of high heels usually spells high-end fashion! But do you know that wearing stilettos on a regular basis entails health hazards? Experts say slipped disc, knee arthritis and plantar fasciitis (a painful inflammation on the sole of the foot) are common problems faced by women who wear them on regular basis. Stilettos, side effects of Stilettos, Stilettos health hazard, disadvantages of Stilettos, health woes of Stilettos, – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail/4#sthash.o6mEEjXv.dpuf Showing Results For â€Å"disadvantages of fdi in retail† NDA will roll back FDI in retail if voted to power: Rajnath 13 Mar 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Rollback of FDI in multi-brand retail will be the top priority of NDA coalition if it is voted to power in the next general elections, BJP chief Rajnath Singh said on Wednesday. Rajnath Singh, FDI in retail, NDA, FDI in multi-brand retail, protest against FDI in retail, FDI rises 25 percent to six-month high of USD 2.32 billion in April 15 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Foreign direct investment (FDI) into India increased 25 percent year-on-year to USD 2.32 billion in April, the highest level in the past six months. In April 2012, the country had received FDI worth USD 1.85 billion, according to data from the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). Fdi, fdi increases by 25pc, foreign inflows, fdi in India, liberalizing fdi, Walmart continues US lobbying on ‘FDI in India’ 23 Apr 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Walmart continued to lobby with the American lawmakers over Indian retail FDI rules during the first quarter of 2013, even as a probe is underway into the global retail giant’s US lobbying activities for facilitating its India entry. Walmart lobbying in US, FDI in India, Indian retail FDI rules, Foreign Direct Investment, Government clears IKEA’s Rs 10,500 crore FDI proposal 03 May 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The government on Thursday allowed Swedish furniture major IKEA to invest Rs 10,500 crore—the biggest ever FDI proposal in single brand retail– for setting up home furnishing stores in the country. FDI proposal, IKEA, Swedish furniture major, Single brand retail, Manmohan Singh, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affair , Karbonn A29 available on e-retail sites 23 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: Karbonn has rolled out its new Karbonn A29 for sale on online retail stores for a price of Rs 8990. However, the device has not been officially launched. Karbonn A29, Android 4.1, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, Karbonn, FDI in retail 06 Oct 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] FDI in retail is being projected as a panacea for all the ills plaguing agriculture. It is expected to raise farmers income, remove middlemen, help consumers get a low price, and of course remove the massive wastage that we see in the farm supply chain. FDI, FDI in retail, economic reforms, UPA, Devinder Sharma blogs, Jagran blogs, Govt raises FDI limits in 12 sectors, clears 100 pc foreign investment in telecom 17 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The Central Government has liberalized the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limits in several sectors on Monday, opening the doors for foreign investments. It has approved 100 percent raise in the telecom sector and also increased the limits in other sectors, mainly to boost up the national economy. Foreign direct investment, FDI, 100 percent FDI in telecom, FDI limit in 12 sectors, FDI in Telecom, Telecom FDI, India reforms, FDI liberalization, US welcomes India’s FDI decisions 20 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Washington: Ahead of Vice President Joe Biden’s visit, the US has welcomed India’s decision to increase foreign direct investment in key sectors like defence, telecom and insurance. FDI in India, FDI reforms in India, FDI cap in India, Indian economy, Walmart , NCP not to allow FDI in retail in Maharashtra 05 Dec 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Even as it voted in favour of FDI in retail, UPA’s key constituent NCP on Wednesday struck a discordant note by saying that it did not support implementation of the decision in Maharashtra. Praful Patel, FDI in Maharashtra, FDI vote, FDI debate, FDI in Maharashtra, BJP vows to oppose FDI in retail till its last breath 07 Mar 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Assuring support to the traders opposing the Congress-led government’s decision to allow FDI in retail, BJP leader Arun Jaitley said on Thursday that his party would oppose the move till its â€Å"last breath†. – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail/5#sthash.9m02kf4N.dpuf Raising FDI caps to boost Indian economy 17 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The series of foreign direct investment proposal approved by the Union Cabinet in key areas of defence, insurance and telecom along with others would provide the much needed boost to the Indian economy, a top Indian industry leader has said. Fdi, Cii, fdi approved by union cabinet, indian economy, fdi in defence, fdi in telecom, Arvind Kejriwal seeks referendum on FDI in retail 08 Dec 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Social activist Arvind Kejriwal who recently launched the Aam Aadmi party on Saturday demanded a referendum on FDI in retail. Arvind Kejriwal, referendum on FDI, FDI in retail, FDI vote, FDI debate , FDI in retail will be good if it benefits farmers:Kalam 15 Dec 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Former President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam on Friday said FDI in retail would be good if it benefits lakhs of farmers in the country. APJ Abdul Kalam, FDI in Retail, Indian Farmers, RLD speaks in favour of FDI in retail 05 Dec 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Lending support to foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail, the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) on Wednesday said the move will not destroy small manufacturers and farmers. Jayant Chaudhury, RLD, FDI in retail, FDI debate, FDI vote, SC expresses concern over FDI policy, seeks government’s response 22 Jan 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Expressing its concern over the Parliament’s nod to the Foreign Direct Investment in multi-bran retails, the Supreme Court on Tuesday asked the Centre to file its response within five weeks on how it intends to safeguard interests of small traders after FDI is allowed in retail sector. Supreme Court, FDI in retail, FDI policy, PM to discuss FDI related issues with Cabinet members today 16 Jul 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh will on Tuesday evening discuss the proposal to hike foreign investment caps in sectors like telecom, retail and defence with his senior Cabinet colleagues. Manmohan Singj, FDI cap in India, Hike in FDI cap, FDI in India, FDI in different sectors in India , Government open to debate on FDI in retail: Kamal Nath 26 Nov 2012 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] The government was open to discussions on foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail, Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kamal Nath said on Monday ahead of an all-party meeting on the ongoing logjam in the Parliament. Kamal Nath, FDI, FDI in retail, FDI in Parliament, Parliamentary panel suggests revival of pharmaceutical PSUs 16 Aug 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] New Delhi: A Parliamentary Committee has suggested revival of pharmaceutical public sector undertakings like HAL and IDPL for large scale production of affordable generic medicines to be provided to common man. Pharmaceutical public sector undertakings, Pharmaceutical companies, FDI in Pharmaceutical Sector, generic medicines, generic medicines supply, Latest news, FDI in retail: Small shops giving competition to big retailers 27 Feb 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] Traditional retailers are giving a strong competition to organised retailers and the decision to permit foreign retailers to open stores in the country will not affect small players in India, the government said on Wednesday. FDI in retail, Economic survey 2012-13, Unorganised retail sector, Kirana stores , Last word on FDI in retail has not been said: BJP 12 Jan 2013 FacebookTweetShareThisEmail [pic] BJP on Friday said the last word has not yet been said on the FDI in multi-brand retail issue and the party would revisit the decision of the UPA government if it comes to pow – See more at: http://post.jagran.com/search/disadvantages-of-fdi-in-retail/6#sthash.AYmUF1Bg.dpuf

Cross Functional Teams Purchasing and Acquisitions Management Term Paper - 1

Cross Functional Teams Purchasing and Acquisitions Management - Term Paper Example The researcher states that the incidence of M&A has continued to increase significantly during the last decade, both domestically and internationally. The sectors most affected by M&A activity have been service and knowledge-based industries such as banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals, and leisure. Although M &A is a popular means of increasing or protecting market share, the strategy does not always deliver what is expected in terms of increased profitability or economies of scale. While the motives for mergers can variously be described as practical, psychological, or opportunist, the objective of all related M&A is to achieve synergy, or what is commonly referred to as the 2+2 = 5 effect. However, as many organizations learn to their cost, the mere recognition of potential synergy is no guarantee that the combination will actually realize that potential. Most people have difficulty stating their organization’s strategy: what the organization wants to become, how it would li ke its people to behave, and what it will provide to which customers. In the future, the reality is that the organization’s business and operating units march to priorities different from, if not contradictory to, those implied by its strategy. The majority of the people in an organization focus on day-to-day operational matters and their individual aspirations. Consequently, the strategy is never realized. Frustrated by the lack of forward progress, executives launch new communication, reorganization, process redesign, or technology initiatives. Everyone is doing more, and yet performance stagnates or even declines. AKPMG report found that, though 82% of respondents believed the deal they had transacted was a success, 83% of the same mergers failed to increase shareholder value. Of these transactions, 30% produced no discernible difference in shareholder value and 53% actually reduced value.

Marketing discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing discussion - Essay Example Undoubtedly offering empowering messages for everyone who would listen. The message they convey is that they are there to provide service to the human potential. Their mission has always been to provide a competitive edge, to help athletes perform better. There mission is to resides inside the mind of every athletic. Nike products monitor the human potential and this is how they continue to shape their product in order to stay competent. They are committed to the very best performance products, products of the pure imagination and to improve performance. The Nike family is a fairly vast enterprise. The diversity inherent in such size is helping Nike evolve its role as a global company. "If you have a body, you are an athlete. And as long as there are athletes, there will be Nike." Maybelline New York, the worlds top cosmetics brand, provides quality and innovation with a modern feel that every women idealize. Decades before the slogan, "Maybe she's born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline," was created in 1991, the brand was making the "it" accessible to women everywhere and empowering women worldwide to make the most of their unique beauty potential [2]. Being Famous in makeup products, the target audience is definitely women. For women the process of deciding makeup brand is very important.

The Strategic Plan for Kudler Fine Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Strategic Plan for Kudler Fine Food - Essay Example Once the company operations have been stream-lined and costs have been reduced, we will proceed with the implementation and launch of the web-based Catering service. To achieve operational excellence, the SAP Business ONE solution will be configured and deployed in the organization. This all in one solution will allow KFF to manage its accounting and financials, purchasing and operations, and most importantly better manage its supply chain and product inventory. To reduce up-front and maintenance cost, the company will use the SAP solution on a monthly subscription-based model. This eliminates the required up-front capital and transforms it in a monthly operational cost. The chosen service provider is Attenda as it offers a fully managed hosted SAP Business One solution at a competitive price with 24x7 customer support. 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 0001000400000000009302210220da0800040000002d010000030000000000 The following section describes the action plan required for meeting the above stated objectives. This action plan implements the described strategy. Action Plan The following table lists the actions, milestones, and

Discription of my research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discription of my - Research Paper Example On the basis of this context, the research will intend to concentrate on the withdrawal of drug consumption of people in order to make them socially responsible. The research is based on understanding the role played by rehabilitation centers in order to recover the individuals who are addicted with drugs. The research will help to gain significant understanding about the challenges that are faced by the drug users while retreating from using drugs. Furthermore, the research will also provide a significant knowledge regarding the reasons for drug consumption and possible negative impacts of it in the life of people. Throughout the research, learning can be gained regarding the method of therapy for drug users. It will help to recognize the best practices that can help to completely eradicate the usage of drug and to become a responsible societal member. There are several organizational benefits related with the research. The research will help to assist the people who are suffering from drug addiction. Besides, involvement in the rehabilitation program can help to gain significant experience about the characteristics of drug users. As a result, it can support the employees in the rehabilitation center regarding the method of dealing with the drug users and the method of treatment. The research will be a five step process. At first, review will be conducted through critical study regarding the subject or related topics. The literature review will be intended to gain basic theoretical knowledge about the research subject. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, primary data will be collected through questionnaire survey method in order to understand the behavior and the characteristics of the drug users. In the third phase, the collected data will be analyzed in order to generate detailed understanding of the research problem. The outcome of data analysis will be presented in the fourth phase to depict the

Therapeutics and diagnostics reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Therapeutics and diagnostics reasoning - Essay Example The other steps include verifying, labeling and recording (Afful-Broni, 2014). This paper aims at identifying and critically analyzing the ethical, legal, practical, and administrative issues concerning to drug administration. The paper then explored and critically discussed facets of diagnostic reasoning and pharmacokinetics pertinent to a variety of medications mostly used in patient’s care. There is a growing necessity for nursing practitioners in both primary and secondary care settings to enlighten themselves on various issues surrounding drug administration. Drug administration is an essential part of nursing role that is underpinned by professional and legal requirements. In order to maintain patient’s safety, it is of the essence that nurses’ post registration and pre-registration knowledge and skills be developed in order that they can be able to competently administer medications and perform drug calculations (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013, p. 67). There are various principles that govern drug administration in nursing. These principles aim to provide patients safety. In order to provide secure drug administration, the nurse ought to perform the rights of drug administration.  These rights are the right client, the right drug, the right dose, the right time and the right route. With familiarity in drug administration, there are five additional rights, which are essential to nursing professional. These additional rights include the right assessment, the client’s right to education, the right documentation, the client’s right to refuse, and the right evaluation (Andersen, 2012, p. 56). The principle of the right client or right patient entails administering medication to the right patient. The right client or patients needs to be confirmed by looking at the wristband, and by read-through a second bit of identification. This might be a

Children of The Marshall Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children of The Marshall Islands - Essay Example The nuclear testing at the Marshal Island drew long lasting impact upon the people of the islands some of them proves to be very severe for the people especially for the children. The nuclear test resulted in both short term and long term effects experienced by the people at Marshal Island. The nuclear explosion put the health safety of people in extreme danger whereas the children were also badly affected from the nuclear testing and man y of them got the possibility of suffering from serious diseases like cancer in their future lives. Many of the children suffered from different health problems soon after the nuclear explosion whereas many remained vulnerable to severe diseases (Stephanie, 2009). The period of 1946 to 1958 witnessed the conduction of 67 nuclear tests by the United States in the Marshal Islands. Most of these nuclear tests were considered atmospheric. Among these, Bravo shot was the most powerful test conducted in 1954 at Bikini atoll that was estimated equivalent t o 7,000 Hiroshima Bombs. After 1958 also US continued nuclear testing on the marshal Island and till 1988, 930 known nuclear tests were conducted in the Marshal Island. According to the estimated these tests combined yield 175 megatons and 137 were devoted to the atmosphere. These tests are regarded very important part of US nuclear testing because despite being just 14% of total US nuclear tests, they yielded 80% of the atmospheric total donated by the US nuclear testing. As a result the marshal Islands were regarded as most contaminated place of the world by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1956. The effects of these nuclear tests were also very strong and the people of the Island had to pay very high cost due to the use of their lands as the site for the UNS nuclear testing. The thermonuclear explosion occurred in 1954 deposited life threatening quantity of radioactive on the island that put the inhabitant’s health safety on high risk level. In 1986 also the people of the i sland living near Chernobyl received three times higher than the estimated dose of radioactive caused from the nuclear accident. These radioactive caused serious damages to the life of the people. Many of them suffered from tissue destructive effects like burning etc. whereas many others had to face latent radiation-induced disease (Hein, et al, 2007).  The effects of nuclear testing were also identified upon the children in their later lives. It was found that almost 69% of the 10 year old children living in Marshal Island in 1954 developed thyroid tumours due to the high dose of nuclear radiation. The prevalence of thyroid cancer is also higher among the people that were inhabitant of the Marshal Island. It was found that the radioiodine became most harmful for the health of the children because it concentrated in the milk and then concentrate in the human glands. Since children usually consume milk on daily basis the prevalence of thyroid cancer due to the concentration of radi oiodine also became very common among the children and children of the Marshal Island suffered from thyroid cancer in greater numbers (Stephanie, 2009).

4.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4.2 - Essay Example (Fielding, 2001) In early childhood, patients with Dyslexia find it hard to know direction and differentiate between left and right, experience delay in speech and suffer from letter reversing. It seems hard for schoolchildren to generate or even identify rhyming words; they also cannot segment words to different sounds, and these students mostly tend to add or omit words during writing or reading. Moreover, it becomes hard for them to count syllables in words and retrieve them while they still cannot name problems (Hoien, 2000). Schools with student who suffer from dyslexia always maintain structured daily routines. This assists them know what to do, how and at what time. These schools should also embrace methods and channels that provide learning through a combination of visual and audio elements. For this, pupils to perform well academically also these schools should provide a platform in which these students can use and build additional resources to the best of their interests. AcceleRead Accelerate software gives complete instructions on how to use the computer in text to speech software. The software helps in teaching students who experience literacy hardships to improve in writing, reading, spelling, and listening skills. It is composed of perforated, color-coded flash cards with record sheets, along with flash cards that are blank, which one can use to print their own sentences. This software requires installation of a text-to-speech engine in the pupil’s computer. It also aids students with Dyslexia in writing letters at specific times. Here he learns to read and write because of the introduction of irregular and tricky words (fielding, 2001). Martin’s school can also introduce the use of a unit of sound online; this is a new way that helps in reading, dictation, spelling and boosting of memory. Unit of sound is a cumulative, structured and multisensory program me that teaches the

Dispersed Team Dynamics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dispersed Team Dynamics - Term Paper Example It may be good for dispersed teams to hire external consultants to develop improved leadership in the virtual team environment. Such consultants are likely well aware of the digital technologies rather than face to face communication and team building methods to promote virtual team leadership. Buono (2004, p.144) reflects that the team leader can use the consultant’s expertise and experience to foster knowledge/information sharing in the workgroup environment. It is evident that the use of advanced technologies and hiring of external management consultants would incur additional costs for organizations. In case of digital communication networks and other technologies, the organization needs to spend further for maintenance and updation purposes, and this situation may increase the overall operating costs of the business. In addition, the company may have to raise additional funds to finance face to face orientation meetings and other workshop programs designed to improve inte rpersonal communication among the team members. Although the virtual team development requires such additional investments, this initial spending would benefit organizations to improve the performance efficiency of teams and to increase the operating revenues in the long run. To be more specific, when mutual trust and communicative relationships are improved in the virtual team environment, the team members tend to engage more actively in their work tasks, and this situation may increase the overall employee productivity.

Symbolism Used in James Joyces Dubliners Essay Example for Free

Symbolism Used in James Joyces Dubliners Essay Symbolism is a powerful tool used by people every day to force people to look past the obvious and find the deeper meaning. Symbolism is used by authors, musicians, priests, and many others. James Joyce, a well-known Irish author, uses symbolism repeatedly throughout his collection of short stories published in 1916. In these stories, titled Dubliners, Joyce uses symbolism not only to enhance the stories, but to also show the hidden, underlying message of each story without coming out and saying it directly. Joyce’s stories are centered on the problems of Dublin and through his use of symbolism Joyce is able to focus attention on what problem each story is addressing. James Joyce, author of Dubliners, uses symbolism effectively to enhance the stories. The first story in Dubliners deals with the problems of the Catholic Church. â€Å"The Sisters† is about a priest, Father Flynn, who goes crazy because of the incredible stress placed on him by the rule-centered church. A note publicly announcing the priest’s death read â€Å"July 1st, 1895 The Rev. James Flynn (Formerly of S. Catherine’s Church, Meath Street), aged sixty-five years. R. I. P. † (Joyce 4). Joyce associates Father Flynn with S. Catherine’s Church because St. Catherine was torn apart physically and Father Flynn was torn apart mentally, because of the rules and strict guidelines he was expected to uphold. Making this connection enhances the story because it shows the reader that if the priest can’t handle the rules placed on him by the church, how was an average person supposed to. The date is also symbolic because July 1st is The Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Christ. The breaking of the chalice during Mass was the cause of his death. Fr. Flynn’s sister said â€Å"It was that chalice he broke. That was the beginning of it†¦That affected his mind† (9-10). At his wake the priest his holding the chalice in his hands, which symbolized the evil church was the cause of this man’s death and reiterating the main theme of the story. â€Å"An Encounter† is the next story and its major theme is appearance versus reality, meaning things are not always what they seem. The story is about a few boy’s decision to play hooky from school in order to have an adventure. The boys meet an old man who is nice on the outside, but is actually very evil. Just before the boys come across the old man on their adventure â€Å"the sun went in behind some clouds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (16). The sunny, innocent day turns dark symbolizing that something bad is about to happen. Joyce uses the weather in many of his stories to foreshadow events that are about to happen. This technique adds to the stories because it helps the reader know that something is about to happen and as a result they pay closer attention to what it is that Joyce is referring to. When the boys meet the old man he was â€Å"dressed in a suit of greenish-black†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (16) and had a â€Å"pair of bottle-green eyes† (19). Green is the color of Ireland and Joyce associates it with evil. By making a connection between the color of Ireland and the evil old pedophile, Joyce is really associating the evilness with all of Ireland, which is the major theme of Dubliners. Joyce is very good at giving hints about certain characters. For example, when the boys were talking with the pedophile they noticed â€Å"he had great gaps in his mouth between his yellow teeth† (17) and being gap toothed symbolized someone who was sexually promiscuous. Techniques used by Joyce, changing the weather and the man being gap-toothed, all enhance the stories because they provide hidden information that brings to light the themes of each story. In the next story, â€Å"Araby†, the major theme is infatuation versus love. Joyce begins the story by informing his readers that â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind† (21) was the street the boy’s school was on. The term ‘blind’ is referring to the street, meaning it was a dead-end street, but it also has a different, deeper meaning. Joyce uses the word to also describe the boy’s feelings towards a girl and to his dead-end relationship with the girl he is infatuated with. From the opening sentence Joyce gives his readers and idea of what to expect from his stories. Examining the term gives a deeper meaning that enhances the story. At the boy’s home, â€Å"The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple tree and a†¦rusty bicycle pump† (21). The apple-tree symbolizes Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, self-deception followed by self-knowledge. The bicycle pump symbolizes the kid’s pumped up, full of hot air, fascination with the girl and then being deflated. The apple tree and bicycle pump are clues to the outcome of the story. The boy also discovers three important and symbolic books in his house. The Abbot is about the worship of a special lady, The Devout Communicant is about worship and The Memoirs of Vidocq is a detective story that usually ends with the truth being revealed. All three stories are hinting at what will happen to the boy at the end of the story. The boy goes to Araby, a market of goods from all over the world, to buy the girl a gift in order to prove his love to her, but when he finally gets there the market’s closing in ten minutes. The boy â€Å"heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out† (27). Joyce frequently uses light to symbolize an epiphany or realization. In this case, the boy realizes the girl does not really have feelings for him as he had convinced himself to believe. The light provides the reader with the moment the boy finally realizes he was â€Å"a creature driven and derided by vanity† (28). The light is the changing from self-deception to self-knowledge. â€Å"Eveline† is the story of a girl who is torn between leaving to start a new life and staying in Dublin with her father. In her home was a â€Å"broken harmonium† (30), which is used by Joyce to symbolize there is no harmony in Eveline’s home because of her drunken, abusive father. A photograph of a priest â€Å"hung on the wall above the broken harmonium† (30). Whenever Eveline would ask her father about him he used to say, â€Å"He is in Melbourne now† (30). The priest is symbolic because he was able to do what Eveline can’t, escape Ireland. While waiting for the man she is leaving with Eveline â€Å"could hear a street organ playing†¦remind her of the promise to her mother, her promise to keep the home together as long as she could† (30-31). The organ playing reminds Eveline of her mother and she does not want â€Å"that life of commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness† (31). She knows that she must escape with Frank, but when it comes time to get on the boat â€Å"she gripped both hands at the iron railing† (34). The symbolism of Eveline holding on the metal bars paints a clear picture of someone in jail; trapped in Ireland. Next is the story, titled â€Å"Two Gallants†, of two arrogant men who have no respect for women and only use them as a means to their happiness. Joyce uses symbolism in the story to talk about the poor treatment of Ireland and also the poor treatment of these girls by the two men, Corley and Lenehan. Before the two men met up with the innocent girl the weather changed from a nice day to cloudy, symbolic of something bad that is about to take place. At one point during the story when the men were walking down the road â€Å"a harpist stood in the roadway, playing to a little ring of listeners†¦His harp too, heedless that her coverings had fallen about her knees, seemed weary alike of the eyes of strangers and of her masters hands† (48). The harp is symbol associated by the people of Ireland with their country. The term ‘strangers’ was a code word used by the Irish for the British. The quote is making reference to the rape of the harp by saying it was â€Å"unaware that her coverings had fallen about her knees† (48). Joyce is talking about the rape of Ireland by the British, but he is also describing the girls being played, like the harp, by Corley and Lenehan. The symbolism connected with the harp helps uncover Joyce’s feelings towards Britain and the many men of Ireland who act as Corley and Lenehan do. Without the symbolism of the harp we would have never known about Joyce’s feelings towards these important topics. The title, â€Å"Two Gallants†, is also important. The term gallant means to be brave, courteous, and chivalrous, but in the story Corley and Lenehan don’t act as two gallants should. Joyce does this on purpose because most men of Dublin act as Corley and Lenehan do, and Joyce wants us to know that these two men, and the men of Dublin, did not treat women with respect, as one should. â€Å"Ivy Day In the Committee Room† deals with Irish politics. Ivy is an evergreen and symbolizes loyalty to Ireland and loyalty to the ideas of Parnell. The poem read by Joe Henchy at the end of the story, titled â€Å"The Death of Parnell† (131), makes the connection to what the title is referring to. In the poem, Parnell is described as Ireland’s â€Å"Uncrowned King† (131). It goes on to read â€Å"Shame on the coward caitiff hands/ That smote their Lord of with a kiss/ Betrayed him to the rabble-rout/ Of fawning priests – no friends of his† (132). That part of the poem is talking about how Parnell was thrown out by his own people. By saying the people â€Å"smote their Lord with a kiss† (132), the poem is making a clear connection between the people of Ireland and Judas, the betrayer of Jesus. The title, â€Å"Ivy Day In the Committee Room†, is describing the loyalty to Ireland, and Parnell, by a few remaining people. The title gives a clue to what the story is about, but it’s not until the end when Joe Henchy reads his poem that we know exactly what the title is referring to. Both the title and the poem take the short story from being good to great. The symbolism used in the title is reveled at the end and again shows Joyce’s feelings toward the Irish, in this case the government. The poem enhances the story because its not until the poem is read that we become aware of what the title is actually referring to. Clay† is a sad story about a woman, Maria, who is old and unattractive. It is Hallows Eve and everyone is participating in games. One of the games played involves being blindfolded and led up to a table with four saucers. The saucer’s contained a prayer book, a ring, water, or clay and symbolized something that was to happen in the future. The prayer book meant a life of the church, a ring symbolized marriage, water represented a voyage or journey and clay was symbolic of death. When it was Maria’s turn, she symbolically picked clay. Joyce writes, â€Å"She felt a soft wet substance with her fingers and was surprised that nobody spoke or took off her bandage† (101). The clay symbolizes death and so â€Å"Maria understood that it was wrong that time and so she had to do it over again: and this time she got the prayer book† (101). Because the clay symbolized death and the prayer book symbolized a life in the church, Maria was to live the remaining years of her life with nobody and eventually die alone. The title enhances the story because at first it is unclear what clay actually means, but at the end of the story it all comes together. At the end of the story Maria is singing â€Å"I Dreamt that I Dwelt, and when she came to the second verse she sang again† (102) the first verse. Maria unconsciously skipping the second verse of the song symbolizes her life of loneliness and shows that she has given up on dreaming about love. Maria has accepted her fate and no longer believes that maybe someday she will find love. In conclusion, Dubliners was written by James Joyce to show the problems with Dublin. Joyce uses symbolism to illuminate the themes of the story. Throughout the stories the symbolism helps explain and reinforce the themes of each story.

Littlebrook Power Station Essay Example for Free

Littlebrook Power Station Essay Littlebrook is an oil-fired power station, which uses oil to produce electricity. The oil is transported by the sea. It is powered by heavy fuel oil this means it has to bring tonnes of oil from other countries. Littlebrook is located on the banks of the river Thames in Dartford. In the 1990s the CEGB was privatised from that came out npower RWE Innogy from that two companies came out international power. RWE then took over which made RWE npower. There has to be lots of work done in the power station like: Finance the finance department is probably the most important in the power station. Marketing Team this would include a team which goes to the market to buy and sell the electricity on the market. The company has to also buy electricity from other companies at a cheaper rate so they dont lose profit. The marketing team also have to buy supplies from other countries i.e. at the moment most of the oil in the world is in the Middle East and in Latin America. The company dont have to pay that much for transportation because there are next to the River Thames. In the power station there are about 120 people working this includes the workers the receptionists, catering, security and also the actual worker who are in the power station. In a power station all kinds of people work there. One of the main ones is people like: Security are there to protect the worker and also the visitors from other people who trespass the property they also look at the CCTV to check for people who are not meant to be there. Receptionist they greet the people who come to see the power station visitors or the workers they all. Caters they provide food and drink for everybody who visits or works there. Touring staff are the people who help the visitors to go around the power station safely. Including these there are people like scientist and engineers who work here. These people are set into departments like: * Operations the operation departments is divided into two one is no specific skills and also Engineers 1. Engineers to work as an engineer in a power station you will have to have GCSE, A levels and also a good degree to work in the power station 2. No specific skills This job requires you to have GCSEs and A levels, also you do not need a specific skills i.e. engineer this came means you can do more than one job. * Maintenance the maintenance departments is divided into two as well, which consist of Fitter and Apprentices. 1. Fitter For you to work as a fitter you need to have a NVQ qualification to get this you need to do practices and then when you pass your exam you can get this qualification and work at the power station. Apprentices For you to be an apprentice at the power station you need to have good GCSE results and met the requirement they ask for. * Engineering is also divided into two different paths this consist of a degree and a good degree. 1. Degree in engineering you can get a degree in Mechanical, Electrical, Computing Control this might be getting a bachelor of engineering degree or other degrees. 2. Good Degree to get this job you will need to have a master degree in engineering this involves a more skilled and a person which has more knowledge about engineering. * Chemistry Environment to do this job you simply need to get a standard degree in engineering to do this work. * Administration and Finance/Procurement Commercial to be able to do this work you need to have a wide range of knowledge and skills to do it. To do this job you need to have good GCSE results and also a good degree. * Managers to work as the manger of the power station you need to have a good degree. When the oil has been transported form other countries to the power station it is then transferred this to the 4 tanks near the bank, where the oil is filtered then because the oil is heavy and thick it has to be pushed at a high pressure to move it the oil preparation to the boiler. Then in the boiler chamber it has 3 boilers in there and each boiler can burn up to 4,500 tonnes of oil each day. Then when oil is heated then it will create heat and then this heat would be able to heat the water and then change it to steam, this would be able to turn the turbines to make this efficient the steam will be going through the turbines twice. After the turbine is moving the generator starts to move the rotor then takes affect and then creates an electric current. Then after the steam has finished it moves in to the condenser which turns the steam into water where there are pipes with cold water from the river Thames to condense the steam. After all of this electric current is made at a volta ge of 23,500. To make this more efficient the voltage has been increased when it is sent into the National Grid system. ICT in the power station is used a lot, when I first visited Littlebrook Power Station I thought there would be more than a thousand workers then when I heard they were only 120 I was shocked. So ICT in the power plant is very important. First of all ICT is used for communication from the main room to the lower rooms. The machines in the big hall have to also be computerised because the things you have to do are lots that humans can do.

Hydrolysis of Phosphomonoesters Study

Hydrolysis of Phosphomonoesters Study Introduction Site-directed mutagenesis was the primary basis of this portion of the laboratory directed toward determining the active site of the enzyme catalysis for hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters. The criteria was to turn the original sequence with Arginine 166 into Glutamine 166 through a point mutation. The primer location is located in the 401511 sequence of the phoA gene of alkaline phosphatase in E. Coli. The primer sequence is: 5- G CTG GTG GCA CAT GTG ACC TCG CGC AAA TGC TAC GGT CCG AGC -3’. The mutated primer sequence is: R166Q1 5’-G CTG GTG GCA CAT GTG ACC TCG CAG AAA TGC TAC GGT CCG AGC-3’. The reverse complementary mutated primer sequence is: R166Q2 5’-GCT CGG ACT CGG ACT GTC GCA TTT CTG CGA GGT CAC ATG TGC CAC CAG C-3’. A calculation for the melting temperature can be determined by the following equation: TM= 81.5 + 0.41 (%GC) – 675/N- % mismatch The TM value for Gln-166 was determined to be 85.95ËÅ ¡C. It is necessary for the TM value to be above 75ËÅ ¡C for successful mutation. Running on the null hypothesis, it would be clear that nothing would change for the kinetic parameters. If something were to change, the kinetic parameters for the Michaelis constant (Km), which determine the velocity of an enzyme as well as calculated to be  ½ the Vmax, would be hypothesized much higher after the mutation to glutamine since the mutation allows for 61% more accuracy from arginine’s CGG at 25% to glutamine’s CAG at 86%. The increase in the binding affinity creates the hypothesis that since it is bound closer together creating a stronger binding affinity, the maximal speed (Vmax) would be reduced since it does not require as much conversion between substrate and product. Mechanism of Alkaline Phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase (APase) is an enzyme located in the periplasmic space of E. Coli. The structure of APase, usually in the form of a dimer, shows two zinc metallonzymes and a magnesium ion in the active center. There is a bridging ligand with the protein Asp51 in the active center for the two zinc ions and the one magnesium ion. There are four phosphate oxygens; two phosphate oxygens form a phosphate bridge between the two zinc ions and the other two form hydrogen bonds with the guanidinium group of arg-166 (Coleman, 1992). The dimer is two identical subunits that each contain 429 amino acids. (Coleman, 1992). The most important amino acids located at the active site of APase are the four Cysteine residues represented as combined intrachain disulfides. The phosphorylated residue was Ser 102, which is phosphorylated during phosphate hydrolysis, to begin the nucleophilic attack on phosphorus. Each monomer contains a leucine rich environment of 22 residues. (Coleman, 1992). The first zinc ion is necessary in activating the leaving group of the ester oxygen in order for Ser 102 to phosphorylate (Coleman, 1992). The second zinc ion is necessary for the ester oxygen of the serylphosphate to begin activation of the phosphoseryl intermediate during hydrolysis of Ser 102. When the phosphoseryl intermediate is formed during the first zinc formation, a hydroxide is formed. (Coleman, 1992). Figure 1: this figure represents the monomer of alkaline phosphatase showing the zinc triad with magnesium in the active center. (Coleman, 1992). The proposed mutation as discussed, is mutating the arg-166 to glu-166. It is speculated that there will be no effect on the enzyme during the mutation. Arg-166 is located in the guanidinium group and is an electrophilic species while APase is being phosphorylated. Arg-166 is speculated to play a role in stabilizing the developing negative charge on the oxygen of the leaving group, pentacoordinate transition state, or help bind the phosphate group. As discovered byButler-Ransohoff et al, it is discovered that Arg-166 has no effect on the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters and therefore will not be effected after mutation. Competent Cells Competent cells are used to help the DNA get into the cell. DNA is negatively charged and the calcium ions from the competent cells of DH5-ÃŽ ± cells are positively charged. The purpose of calcium chloride’s positive ions is to create an equilibrium between negative charge on the cell membranes phospholipid heads and the phosphate group on the plasmid DNA. This is where the genetic modification occurs. Therefore, they help by binding to the DNA and move it into the cell after the cell goes through a heat shock cycle. Competent cells have a very high rate for transformation efficiency. The proposed understanding of how this works, is that the calcium ions are positive and therefore weaken the electrostatic repulsion, which in turn weakens the cell walls. When the cell goes through heat shock, it causes the pressure to increase opening the cell and allowing the competent cells to bring the DNA into the cell by allowing pores to be created with the weakened cell wall. This forces the plasmid to become supercoiled so that it can pass through the pores created by the charge difference and heat shock. The competence comes from the cold bath of DH5-ÃŽ ± cells in calcium chloride which shocks the cells causing pores and then heat the cell to 42ËÅ ¡C for roughly 2 minutes, more than this could cause the cell membrane to denature and the pEK-154 mutated plasmid would become denatured. DH5-ÃŽ ± is a strain from E. Coli commonly used in laboratory practices due to it having the phoA- gene deficiency. This is necessary and desirable because it is easily transformed for creating competent cells. DH5-ÃŽ ± cells are used because they are a common strain in E. Coli and are commonly used for cloning. In addition, they promote stability and help improve the quality of the plasmid when using the Miniprep kit. (Dagert, 1979). A growth curve was created after incubation of the cells for competent cells. This was done to show the growth period during the lag phase is depicted by the highest point on the growth curve. This is taken to determine how much growth you have and is determined through a logarithm vs. time on a graph. The method used is optical density (OD) at 600nm to measure the transmittance on a spectrophotometer. If the value for the OD600 is high, the protection factor by a filter is lower and vise versa. This method is used to determine how much light is absorbed through the bacterial cells. Site-Directed Mutagenesis The sequence chosen for the point mutation from Arginine 166 to Glutamine 166 was sequenced in Ann Arbor. Site-Directed Mutagenesis synthesizes two complimentary oligonucleotides double stranded DNA template with glutamine 166 mutation, which is tagged with unmodified nucleotide sequences to a single stranded DNA template to allow mutation to occur and then reforms the new double strand DNA template during thermal cycling. When this occurs, the newly single stranded DNA template forms complementary strands with the enzymes and nucleotides to produce a higher result of strands. The purpose of site-directed mutagenesis is to make specific changes to the DNA sequence of a gene. Quik Change Lightening Mutagenesis kit provides a faster and more reliable insertion of the mutation with a simple three step method. The multiple cycles are subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This allows multiple sets of mutated DNA to be produced within a short period of time. PCR works by heating and cooling the samples, since the double DNA is subjected to separation when heated it causes the srtands to separate allowing nicks in the template to occur. pUC-18 is a control plasmid used for determining if a mutation was successful and efficient. Figure 2: pUC-18 plasmid DNA genetically mutated to contain the LacZ gene as well as the ampicillin resistance gene. The polylinker cuts the section of the DNA by the Dpn1 restriction endonuclease creating a linear DNA strand allowing for the binding of the mutation of Arg-166 to Glu-166 to occur. pUC-18 is a circular double stranded DNA molecule. The reason pUC-18 was chosen as the control positive plasmid is because it was genetically manipulated to contain an ampicillin resistance gene as well as a ÃŽ ²-galactosidase enzyme known as LacZ. The lacZ gene is essential for DNA mutation because it contains a region to insert a polylinker, which recognizes the Dpn I restriction endonucleases during digestion causing the plasmid to become linear and bind to the mutated plasmid DNA that has also been cut with the Dpn I restriction endonuclease. A pWhitescript is used as the positive control plasmid used for mutagenesis. The control plasmid is combined with pEK154 plasmid containing the phA gene of APase and the vector double stranded DNA. The two oligonucleotide primers are the opposite ends of the vector. pWhitescript has the stop codon TAA inserted that stops the ÃŽ ²-galactosidase enzyme from producing. The two oligonucleotide control primers create a point mutation that turns the T residue of the stop codon to the C residue of the glutamine codon (Gln, CAG). That allows enzyme ÃŽ ²-galactosidase to be produced after pWhitescript is subjected to mutagenesis. There are two oligonucleotide with the mutation primer as discussed earlier. New DNA polymerase called Q1 enzyme was used for double stranded DNA template when combined with dNTP mix it extended the two-oligonucleotide primers as well as allowing the new plasmid DNA to construct. PCR Cycling parameters were used during Quik Change Site-Directed Mutagenesis for the transformation of arginine to glutamine by the use of the Pfu Enzyme. As visible from table 1, the cycling parameters were set up for this specific reaction for a point mutation. After cycling, the non-mutated parental supercoiled double stranded (dsDNA) is digested. Table 1: Quik Change Site-Directed Mutagenesis Parameters Segment Cycles Temperature Time 1 1 95C 2min 2 18 60C 60C 68C 20 sec 10 sec 30 sec/kb of plasmid length (3min) 3 1 68C 5 min The first step of the three step simple method for Quik Change Lightening Mutagenesis kit is Thermal cycling at 95ËÅ ¡C for two minutes. During this time, the DNA template becomes denatured allowing the primers to be subjected to heat treatments, which denature the pEK-154 template DNA strand and synthesizes the primers to extend linearly and cause nicks with Pfu Fusion-based DNA polymerase, which are then sealed by components within the Pfu enzyme blend. This polymerase allows for exact replication of original template and does not disrupt the orientation. The original mutated pEK-154 was used as the supercoiled double stranded DNA template Figure 1: during thermal cycling, the double-stranded DNA Template is nicked and subjected to point mutation for arginine 166 to glutamine 166 and then sealed with components in the Pfu enzyme blend. In the second step of the kit the template digests the parental DNA strand with methylated and hemimethylated DNA using the enzyme Dpn I endonuclease and subjected to thermal cycling for the second segment. The un-mutated pEK-154 plasmid DNA is the parental DNA while the mutated pEK-154 is the plasmid DNA with the desired mutation. With the nicks, the mutated plasmid with the two oligonucleotide primers is mixed with Dpn I endonuclease for methylated DNA that targets the sequence 5’-Gm6ATC-3’. This sequence helps digest the pEK-154 parental DNA template and has not been introduced into the methylase enyme allowing methylation to not effect the DNA and therefore will not be digested with the parental DNA strand. Similarly, the un-mutated is also digested in Dpn I restriction endonuclease to be methylated. Figure 2: Dpn 1 enzyme endonuclease digests the parental DNA template with methylated and hemimethylated allowing for single stranded DNA for transformation. Step 3 is the last cycling step where transformation of the newly mutated glutamine 166 single-stranded DNA. The DNA is added to Dpn I restriction endonuclease, which forms it into linear DNA stranded DNA duplex forming a double stranded DNA for the newly synthesized mutated DNA. After the mutated vector DNA with the primers has been nicked it is transformed into CaCl2 competent DH5-ÃŽ ± cells. This transformation must occur to repair the nicks caused during cycles to separate the DNA strands. The pWs, which is used as the control DNA is also transformed with competent DH5-ÃŽ ± cells to help repair the nicks. Transformation Control screening used X-gal and IPTG to determine if ÃŽ ²-galactosidase activity. The newly mutated pEK-154 cells are screened for alkaline phosphatase activity. This helps screen for ÃŽ ²-galatosidase enzyme in E. Coli is a Lac Z gene that codes for this enzyme. This enzyme is useful because it breaks the lactose into galactose and glucose. A Lac operon contains an operator and a promoter, which binds RNA-polymerase that starts transcription for the Lac I gene for I protein which can only bind to operator or lactose, but not both. When I protein is bound to lactose, in this case Isopropyl-1-ÃŽ ²-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) which mimics the structure of lactoase allowing RNA-polymerase to bind to the promoter to produce ÃŽ ²-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ÃŽ ²-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal), which is a substrate that cleaves galactose in ÃŽ ²-galactosidase to produce a blue color. If no ÃŽ ²-galactosidase is present they turn white on the agar plates. This determines if the cells contain the mutated CAA codon for glutamine instead of the stop codon TAA of the unmutated protein. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (BCIP) is used to determine if alkaline phosphatase is present. BCIP like X-gal is a substrate that cleaves the phosphate group off of alkaline phosphatase producing a blue color.

Overcoming the Barrier Essay -- Analysis, Helen Reddy

Overcoming the Barrier Helen Reddy in I am a Woman sings, â€Å"You can bend but never break me, 'cause it only serves to make me, More determined to achieve my final goal, And I come back even stronger.† In the plays Antigone, by Sophocles, and A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, two strong women are restricted by the time and society in which they live. In Antigone, the main character, Antigone from Thebes, is faced with a choice of following the laws of man, or the laws of the gods in burying her deceased brother. She felt that her choice was right even with the penalties it costs her, while arguing with the king who felt his way or no way. As the play progressed, it seemed that the more Creon, the king, and Antigone argued, the more confident in the choice she made she became. In A Doll’s House, Nora was a woman who cared deeply about her husband who would soon be faced with death if not sent to a warmer climate. Unheard of from a woman, Nora took a money loan from the bank without s aying a word to her husband, Torvald. Using a corrupted lawyer, Krogstad, gave easy access for blackmail which could end her marriage if revealed. During the times in which these plays were written, the relationship between a man and woman is definitely patriarchal. Men have major dominance and the woman just follows. It was believed that a woman was to have no opinion nor be smart enough to have their own opinion. In both plays, Sophocles and Ibsen show how controlled yet bold, women had to be in society through demonstration of submission to men, the expectations placed upon a woman, and their search for a voice. There is a saying that all habits start in the household and that is no exception for the way woman are treated. Whether it’s a husband or... ...oldly demonstrate the strength and power women needed to become their own person. With barriers blocking the path, the choices each woman had to face was like an obstacle course. By being undermined by the opposite sex, females were not given much thought unless the subject had to do with the raising of children and up keeping of a household. Being a part of society came with expectations of how a family should look and act, especially for the women who are merely â€Å"dolls† for men to control. Therefore, having to surrender to the male influence, society’s pressure, and the quest for identity, women still are able to stand firm and strong in the end. Over many years women have come a long way with rights and responsibilities but it was no walk in the park. It has been a curvy road and there are still more hills to come but with a positive light shinning at the end.